Andromma Simon, 1893

Bosselaers, Jan & Jocqué, Rudy, 2022, Studies in the Liocranidae (Araneae): revision of Andromma Simon, 1893, European Journal of Taxonomy 850, pp. 1-78 : 7-9

Key to the species of Andromma Simon, 1893

Males

1. Posterior eyes partly or completely reduced ( Figs 2A–B , 3 )............................................................. 2

– Posterior eyes present, eight eyes ( Fig. 2C–E ) .................................................................................. 4

2. Animal of medium size (5 mm), only PME missing, RTA large and arrow-shaped ( Fig. 17C–F ) ..... .......................................................................................................................... A. deogratias sp. nov.

– Animal small (3 mm)......................................................................................................................... 3

3. Sternum wider than long ( Fig. 4B ), only AME present ( Fig. 4A )......... A. aethiopicum Simon, 1893

– Sternum as long as wide ( Fig. 6B ), only PME missing ( Fig. 6A ).................... A. albinovani sp. nov.

4. VTA relatively simple in ventral view: globular, heart-shaped, mushroom-shaped or hook-shaped (e.g., Figs 10E–F , 24C–D , 33E–G ).................................................................................................... 5

– VTA more complex in ventral view, often sail-shaped or flag-shaped ( Figs 13C–D , 21E–F , 28E–F , 36C–D ) ............................................................................................................................................ 10

5. Ventral part of RTA globular VTA subtriangular with rounded corners, embolus median in ventral view, bent in retrolateral direction, with slightly curved tip ( Fig. 24C–F )..... A. ghesquierei sp. nov.

– VTA heart-shaped, mushroom-shaped or hooked, embolus retrolateral in ventral view, bent in prolateral direction............................................................................................................................. 6

6. VTA shaped like a mushroom or a mooring post in ventral view, bifid in retrolateral view, RTA a two-horned prong ( Fig. 33E–H ) .................................................................... A. raffrayi Simon, 1899

– VTA not bifid, RTA may be complex, but not a two-horned prong................................................... 7

7. VTA transversely heart-shaped in ventral view, RTA apically bifurcated in ventral view, and with a long, dorsally curved tip in retrolateral view ( Fig. 19C–F ) ......................... A. dicranobelos sp. nov.

– VTA with a retrolaterally oriented hook in ventral view ................................................................... 8

8. VTA with a thick globular base in ventral view, hook-shaped in retrolateral view, RTA flattened in retrolateral view, with an apical hook ( Fig. 10C–F )............................ A. anochetorum Simon, 1909

– VTA more slender and with a pronounced hook in ventral view, mushroom-shaped in retrolateral view.................................................................................................................................................... 9

9. VTA with a broad base in ventral view, RTA flattened in retrolateral view, with an apical hook ( Fig. 15C–F ) .................................................................................................. A. delphiurum sp. nov.

– VTA a slender, sharp hook in ventral view, RTA consisting of two triangular processes in retrolateral view ( Fig. 20C–F ).................................................................................... ….. A. didrepanum sp. nov.

10. VTA flattened, elaborate, shaped like a sail in ventral view ( Figs 21E–F , 36C–D ) .........................11

– VTA complex, not shaped as a sail ( Figs 13C–D , 28E–F ) .............................................................. 12

11. RTA small and bluntly triangular in retrolateral view ( Fig. 36E–F )........................ A. velum sp. nov.

– RTA rather large, inversely heart-shaped, with a blunt, dorsally curved tip ( Fig. 21C–D ) ................. ..................................................................................................................... A. divinagraciae sp. nov.

12. RTA with a bifid tip in ventral view ( Fig. 28E–F )................................................ A. juakalyi sp. nov.

– RTA with a single, slender tip, sinuous in ventral view, dorsally curved in retrolateral view ( Fig. 13C– F )................................................................................................................ A. cycnotrachelos sp. nov.

Females

1. Sternum wider than long, no precoxal triangles, oval CO separated by three times their short axis, posterior eyes absent ( Fig. 5A, C–D ) .................................................... A. aethiopicum Simon, 1893

– Sternum not wider than long, with or without precoxal triangles ( Bosselaers & Jocqué 2002: fig 1k; Penniman 1985: 16), CO closer together, at least PLE present ( Figs 2B , 3 , 11D–E )........................ 2

2. Sternum with strong precoxal triangles, epigyne more than twice as wide as long, CO transversely oval, separated by less than their long axis ( Fig. 11A, D–E ).......................... A. bouvieri Fage, 1936

– Precoxal triangles absent or epigyne not that wide or CO not transversely oval ( Fig. 33I–J ) .......... 3

3. Copulatory openings longitudinally egg-shaped, separated by their short axis. Copulatory ducts winding, fused over their entire length into one dark brown, sclerotised mass ( Figs 33I–J , 35C–G ) ....................................................................................................................... A. raffrayi Simon, 1899

– Copulatory ducts not fused into one sclerotised mass over their entire length ................................. 4

4. Copulatory ducts simple, consisting of one to three mostly straight sections and showing one 180° bend (e.g., Figs 7C–D , 12E–F , 25E–F , 26E–F ) ................................................................................. 5

– Copulatory ducts narrower, long, helically coiled over at least part of their length (e.g., Figs 22E–F , 27E–F , 29E–F , 30E–F )..................................................................................................................... 12

5. Spermathecae very large, oval, medially located and almost touching, each connected to a laterally situated rather thin copulatory duct widening towards the CO ( Fig. 25E–F ). A. ghesquierei sp. nov.

– Spermathecae smaller, copulatory ducts wide, often with internal spikes, starting with a first, posterior stretch that runs transversely from the lateral side to the middle, followed by a second stretch running in anterior direction, a 180° bend and a third stretch running in posterior direction towards the spermathecae (e.g., Figs 23E–F , 26E–F )........................................................................ 6

6. Copulatory openings only vaguely defined ( Figs 7A–B , 26C–D )..................................................... 7

– Copulatory openings clearly defined, oval, kidney- or mung bean- ( Vigna radiata ) shaped (e.g., Fig. 12B–D ) ....................................................................................................................................... 9

7. Animals small (3 mm), precoxal triangles weak or inconspicuous ( Fig. 16B ) ................................. 8

– Animals of medium size (6 mm), precoxal triangles pronounced ( Fig. 26B ), internal spikes of copulatory duct strong ( Fig. 26E–F ).................................................................... A. heligmos sp. nov.

8. Internal spikes of copulatory duct weak ( Fig. 7C–D )....................................... A. albinovani sp. nov.

– Internal spikes of copulatory duct strong ( Fig. 16E–F ).................................. A. delphiurum sp. nov.

9. Copulatory openings inversely comma-shaped ( Fig. 23C–D ) .................... A. elephantactes sp. nov.

– Copulatory openings oval or mung bean-shaped ( Fig. 12C–D ) ...................................................... 10

10. Copulatory openings transversely mung bean-shaped ( Fig. 12B–D ).................... A. cyamos sp. nov.

– Copulatory openings longitudinally circular or longitudinally egg-shaped ( Fig. 11C–D )...............11

11. Animals small (3 mm), sternum wider than long ( Fig. 9B )........................... A. anacardium sp. nov.

– Animals of medium size (5 mm), sternum as long as wide, third stretch of copulatory duct S-shaped, spermathecae narrow and tapering ( Fig. 18B, E–F )................................... ….. A. deogratias sp. nov.

12. Epigyne heavily sclerotised, consisting of two longitudinally oval or sausage-shaped plates. Copulatory openings longitudinally oval or inconspicuous ( Figs 22C–D , 37C–D )........................ 13

– Epigyne less heavily sclerotised, copulatory openings circular, transversely oval or transversely bean-shaped (e.g., Figs 29C–D , 30C–D )......................................................................................... 14

13. Epigynal sclerotised plates sausage-shaped, CO inconspicuous ( Fig. 22C–D )................................... ..................................................................................................................... A. divinagraciae sp. nov.

– Epigynal sclerotised plates ear-shaped, CO inconspicuous, situated in longitudinally oval depressions............................................................................................................... A. velum sp. nov.

14. Copulatory openings transversely kidney-shaped ( Figs 14C–D , 30C–D )....................................... 15

– Copulatory openings circular or transversely oval ( Figs 8C–D , 27C–D ) ....................................... 16

15. Second half of the copulatory duct with five or more closely appressed coils ( Fig. 14E–F ) .............. ................................................................................................................... A. cycnotrachelos sp. nov.

– Second half of copulatory duct with three more loosely appressed coils ( Fig. 30E–F ) ...................... ..................................................................................................................... A. ophiophagum sp. nov.

16. Copulatory openings small, oval, separated by three times long axis, first, anteriorly running stretch of copulatory duct consisting of four helical coils ( Fig. 29C–F ).................... A. katangensis sp. nov.

– Copulatory openings more closely spaced ( Figs 8C–D , 31C–D ).................................................... 17

17. Animal small (3 mm), precoxal triangles weak, CO transversely oval, separated by two times their long axis, first stretch of copulatory duct consisting of five helical coils, spermathecae large, two thirds of vulva height ( Fig. 27B–F ) ........................................................................... A. helix sp. nov.

– Animals of medium size (5–7 mm), with strong precoxal triangles, first stretch of copulatory duct less extensively coiled, consisting of three helical coils ( Figs 8E–F , 31E–F ) ................................. 18

18. Epigyne consisting of two oval CO separated by two times their long axis and circled by a commashaped sclerotised ring ( Fig. 8C–F ).......................................................... …. A. alvoculatum sp. nov.

– Sclerotised part of epigyne one continuous plate, CO broadly oval and separated by their long axis ( Fig. 31C–F ) ...................................................................................................... A. prosopion sp. nov.

Figures

Fig. 2. Andromma Simon, 1893. A–E. Eye patterns, dorsal view. F. Spinnerets, ventral view. G. ALS, ventral view. A–B. Andromma deogratias sp. nov.A. ♂, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246048). B. ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246054). C–D. Andromma divinagraciae sp. nov. C. ♂, holotype (BE_ RMCA_ARA.Ara 246051). D. ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246055). E. Andromma ghesquierei sp. nov., ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 84109). F–G. Andromma divinagraciae sp. nov., ♂, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246056). Scale bars: A–E= 0.2 mm; F =0.1 mm; G = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 3. Andromma aethiopicum Simon, 1893. Original drawings and legend from Simon (1893).

Fig. 17. Andromma deogratias sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246049). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Cephalothorax, ventral view. C–D. ♂, left palp, retrolateral view. E–F. Same, ventral view. Abbreviations: C=conductor; E =embolus; RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD =sperm duct; VTA=ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm; B=1 mm; C–F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 4. Andromma aethiopicum Simon, 1893, ♂, lectotype (MNHN AR1678). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Cephalothorax, ventral view. C–D. ♂, left palp, retrolateral view. E–F. Same, ventral view. Abbreviations: C =conductor; E =embolus; RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD =sperm duct; VTA=ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: A= 1 mm; B=0.5 mm; C–F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 6. Andromma albinovani sp. nov. A–B, D–G. ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 177497). C. ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 177497). A, C. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. D–E. ♂, left palp, ventral view. F–G. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–C= 1 mm; D–G =0.2 mm.

Fig. 10. Andromma anochetorum Simon, 1909, ♂, holotype (MNHN AR3112). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Left palp, retrolateral view. E–F. Same, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C, E =0.2 mm; D, F = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 24. Andromma ghesquierei sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 247536). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. ♂, left palp, ventral view. E–F. Same, retrolateral view.Abbreviations: CD= copulatory duct; CO=copulatory opening; FD =fertilisation duct; ST =spermatheca. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 33. Andromma raffrayi Simon, 1899. A–B, E–H. ♂, lectotype (MNHN AR1673). C–D, I–J. ♀, paralectotype (MNHN AR1673). A, C. Habitus, dorsal view. B, D. Same, ventral view. E, G. ♂, left palp, ventral view. F, H. Same, retrolateral view. I–J. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: A–D= 1 mm; E–J =0.1 mm.

Fig. 13. Andromma cycnotrachelos sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 247532). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Left palp, ventral view. E–F. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 21. Andromma divinagraciae sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246051). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. ♂, left palp, retrolateral view. E–F. Same, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD = sperm duct; VTA = ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 28. Andromma juakalyi sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 247539). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. ♂, left palp, retrolateral view. E–F. Same, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 36. Andromma velum sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 153251). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Left palp, ventral view. E–F. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A=2 mm; B–C =1 mm; D–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 19. Andromma dicranobelos sp. nov. A–B, E–F. ♂, paratype ((BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 222718)). C–D. ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 220165). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Left palp, retrolateral view. D. Same, ventral view. E. Same, expanded (bulb rotated 180°), ventral view. F. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 15. Andromma delphiurum sp. nov. A–B, C, E. ♂, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 247537), D, F. ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 235830). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. ♂, left palp, ventral view. E–F. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 20. Andromma didrepanum sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 216034). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Left palp, retrolateral view. E–F. Same, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B= 1 mm; C–F =0.2 mm.

Fig. 5. Andromma aethiopicum Simon, 1893, ♀, paralectotype (MNHN AR1678). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviation: CO=copulatory opening. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–D=0.2 mm.

Fig. 11. Andromma bouvieri Fage, 1936, ♀, lectotype (MNHN AR3103). A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Same, dorsal view. C. Right chelicera, median view. D–E. Epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviation: PCT=precoxal triangles. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C= 0.5 mm; D =0.2 mm; E= 0.25 mm.

Fig. 35. Andromma raffrayi Simon, 1899. A–B. Male, BE_RMCA_ARA_Ara 220165 from Kwazulu- Natal. C–G. Female, BE_RMCA_ARA_Ara 168628 from Namibia. A. ♂, left palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E. Same, cleared, ventral view. F–G. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 7. Andromma albinovani sp. nov., ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 177497). A–B. Epigyne, ventral view. C–D. Same, cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulation duct; CO = copulatory openings; FD = fertilisation duct; Sss = sickle-shaped sclerite; ST = spermathecae. Scale bars: A–B =0.2 mm; C–D= 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12. Andromma cyamos sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 155566). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–D= 0.2 mm; E–F= 0.1 mm.

Fig. 25. Andromma ghesquierei sp. nov., ♀, paratypes. A–B. BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 84109. C, E. BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 177091. D, F. BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 22878. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Cephalothorax, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations:CD =copulatory duct; CO=copulatory opening; FD =fertilisation duct; ST= spermatheca. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–E =0.2 mm.

Fig. 26. Andromma heligmos sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 140917). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =2 mm; C–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 22. Andromma divinagraciae sp. nov., ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246055). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =2 mm; C–D=0.2 mm; E–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 27. Andromma helix sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 152957). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–D= 0.2 mm; E–F= 0.1 mm.

Fig. 29. Andromma katangensis sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 90890). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Cephalothorax, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD=copulatory duct; CO= copulatory opening; FD = fertilisation duct; Sss =sickle shaped sclerites; ST =spermatheca. Scale bars: A=2 mm; B =1 mm; C–D =0.2 mm; E–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 30. Andromma ophiophagum sp. nov., ♀, holotype (RMCA_ARA_Ara 144686). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Cephalothorax, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A=2 mm; B= 1 mm; C–F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 23. Andromma elephantactes sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 201034). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =2 mm; C–D=0.2 mm; E–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 16. Andromma delphiurum sp. nov., ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 247537). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same, cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–D=0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 9. Andromma anacardium sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 90890). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Epigyne, cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD=copulatory duct; CO= copulatory opening; FD = fertilisation duct; Sss =sickle shaped sclerites; ST =spermatheca. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–D=0.2 mm; E–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 18. Andromma deogratias sp. nov., ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 246054). A. Cephalothorax, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, cleared, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD=copulatory duct; CO= copulatory opening; FD = fertilisation duct; Sss =sickle shaped sclerites; ST =spermatheca. Scale bars: A–B =2 mm; C–D=0.2 mm; E–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 37. Andromma velum sp. nov., ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 153005). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD= copulatory duct; CO=copulatory opening; FD =fertilisation duct; ST =spermatheca. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–D= 0.2 mm; E–F= 0.1 mm.

Fig. 14. Andromma cycnotrachelos sp. nov., ♀, paratype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 144678). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same, cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–D=0.2 mm; E–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 8. Andromma alvoculatum sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 240739). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same, cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =2 mm; C–D=0.2 mm; E–F =0.1 mm.

Fig. 31. Andromma prosopion sp. nov., ♀, holotype (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara 221315). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C–D. Epigyne, ventral view. E–F. Same cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B =1 mm; C–F =0.1 mm.