Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) Saunders, 1852

Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Hu, Chun-Lin, 2013, Revision of the subgenus Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), Zootaxa 3745 (4), pp. 401-434 : 403-404

Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) Saunders, 1852

Cosmiomorpha Saunders, 1852: 28 ; Schenkling 1921: 61; Yang 1989: 67; Ma 1995: 62; Yu et al. 1998: 95. Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) : Mikšić 1974: 770; Mikšić 1977: 361; Masumoto & Sakai 1988: 115; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 235; Krajčik 1998: 19; Smetana 2006: 301; Krajčik 2011: 12.

Type species Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders, 1852

Diagnosis. The members of this subgenus are distinguished from all other genera of the Goliathini by the combination of the following external characters: head without horn; dorsal surface clad with scales; male pronotum convex, proleg longer than mesoleg and metaleg, and with an apical deflexed tooth on ventral surface of protibia in male; all legs shorter with three teeth along outer margin of protibia in female.

Description. General: Body 19.0–28.0 mm long. Variable in color, usually brown, reddish brown, orange red, black, or some intermediate colors. Dorsal and ventral surface mostly clad with yellow scales. Head: Strongly punctate (punctate-striolate), with a few scales. Clypeus subrectangular or subtrapezoidalal in ventral view; margin usually raised. Vertex with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge. Mentum microsculptured, usually with long or short setae on center and both sides. Submentum close to short trapezoid. Maxillary palpi and labial palpi dark brown. Gula usually smooth, center portion convex, dome-shaped; with sparse setae on lateral margins and dense, long setae on anterior margin. Antenna with 10 antennomeres, club with 3 antennomeres; a row of short setae along inner margin of the 8th antennomere; antennal insertion visible from above on side of clypeus. Pronotum: Convex, widest near the posterior margin; margin black, lateral margin raised, sinuous, posterior margin nearly straight; setiferous punctures dense but sparse on disc; small smooth area on the posterior margin in front of the scutellum. Scutellum: Triangular, usually with sparse, setiferous punctures. Elytra: Usually broad with a small transverse impression behind scutellum; posthumeral emargination evident; setiferous punctures dense on postdiscal portion, generally decreases gradually to margin; 4 smooth, glabrous, longitudinal costae, the sutural costa evident and black, discolateral and discomedian costae long and convergent distally, the lateral costa short and inapparent; apicosutural angle slightly pointed. Sternum: With long scales except for anterior portion of prosternum, mesometasternal process and central portion of metasternum. Mesometasternal process glabrous, without punctures. Central portion of metasternum with sparse setiferous punctures; scales short. Abdomen: 7 sternites, 6 sternites visible, sternites 2–6 with adpressed, linear scales except for medial area; the medial area and the last sternites with sparse setiferous punctures, scales obscure or absent. Pygidium: Exposed, rugulose, evenly clad with short scales. Leg: Coxae with linear scales. Trochanters glabrous. Ventral surface of femora striolae with sparse short scales. Mesotibia and metatibia with a spine in the middle of outer margin and usually a row of brush-like yellow setae along inner margin.

Male: Eye canthus extending laterad, simple, straight, narrow, long. Pronotum evidently convex. A longitudinal groove between abdominal sternites 3–5. Scales on ventral surface usually dense. Proleg elongate. Protibia with three teeth along outer margin, the middle and proximal teeth are often reduced or absent ( Figs. 35– 47 ); a row of small mastoid teeth on ventral surface, a deflexed tooth under the apical portion ( Figs. 48–60 ). Basitarsus clavate, longer than the 2nd tarsomere. Male aedeagus strongly sclerotized; parameres curved downward and sharply pointed at apex in lateral view; inner margins separated except the apex in apical view; a cluster of yellow setae on apex ( Figs. 151–157 ).

Female: Similar to male. Clypeus subrectangular. Eye canthus shorter. Pronotum comparatively planular. Mesometasternal process shorter. Scales on ventral surface usually sparser than male. Abdomen convex; the last abdominal segment with stout yellow setae along posterior margin. Legs shorter. Protibia wide, with 3 large teeth on outer margin. Protarsus slim and short, the spine in the middle of each mesotibia and metatibia more acute.

Natural history. Very little is known about the natural history of the subgenus Cosmiomorpha . Adults usually feed on sap on the trunks of Quercus spp. ( Fagaceae ) and Ulmus spp. ( Ulmaceae ) during the day, sometimes with Pseudotorynorrhina japonica (Hope, 1841) , P. fortunei (Saunders, 1852) , Rhomborhina mellyi diffusa Fairmaire, 1897 , and Torynorrhina fulvopifosa (Moser, 1911) on the same tree. When disturbed by predators or people, they squirt repellent liquid from the posterior of the abdomen, like other adult Goliathini. The larvae remain unknown, but are expected to be found in leaf litter.

Distribution. Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. Species of this subgenus are known from eastern Asian, with the greatest species diversity near the junction of Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunan Provinces, in southern China ( Fig. 181 ).

Figures

FIGURE 181. Subgenus Cosmiomorpha species distribution map.

FIGURES 35 – 47. Protibia and basitarsus of male Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal view. 35 – 36. Cosmiomorpha modesta: 35. (Jiangsu); 36. (Guangxi); 37 – 38. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 37. (Sichuan); 38. (Guangxi); 39 – 40. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 41 – 43. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 41. Holotype; 42 – 43. Paratypes; 44. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 45 – 46. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species: 45. Holotype; 46. Paratype; 47. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 48 – 60. Protibia and basitarsus of male Cosmiomorpha species in lateral view. 48. Cosmiomorpha modesta (Jiangsu); 49 – 51. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 49. (Sichuan); 50. (Guangxi); 51. (Fujian); 52 – 53. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 54 – 56. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 54. Holotype; 55 – 56. Paratypes; 57. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 58 – 59. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species: 58. Holotype; 59. Paratype; 60. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 151 – 164. Parameres of Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal and apical view. 151, 158. Cosmiomorpha modesta; 152, 159. Cosmiomorpha decliva; 153, 160. Cosmiomorpha sauteri; 154, 161. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, holotype; 155, 162. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 156, 163. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 157, 164. Cosmiomorpha c heni new species, holotype.