Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) fortis Qiu

Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Hu, Chun-Lin, 2013, Revision of the subgenus Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), Zootaxa 3745 (4), pp. 401-434 : 418-420

Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) fortis Qiu & Xu, new species

( Figs. 1–4 , 27–28 , 41–43 , 54–56 , 68–72 , 133–142 , 154, 161 , 168 , 173 )

Cosmiomorpha modesta : Ma 1992: 441, fig. 1352 ♂. (misapplication of the name, nec Saunders, 1852).

Diagnosis. Male can be distinguished by: broad body form; protibia wide, robust; subrectangular clypeus; pronotum black, or reddish brown with a dark area (or large marking) and two elliptical maculae; scales on dorsal surface large, linear (or oblanceolate), yellow or nearly white. Female is similar to brown C. modesta , but can be distinguished by: scales on dorsal surface larger; abdomen bicolor, almost black, with the last sternite and the medial area of the sternites 5–6 red or dark reddish brown, while sternites of C. modesta concolorous.

Holotype (male). TL: 23.0 mm, TW: 12.0 mm, CW/CL: 1.23. Head: black, flat; dorsal surface densely microsculptured; punctures small, round or elliptical; few punctures with sparse, radially distributed, short scales. Clypeus subrectangular, anterior margin raised with a shallow central depression ( Fig. 27 ). Gula smooth, sides with scattered punctures ( Fig. 28 ). Antenna dark brown. Pronotum: Surface reddish brown with a black area on disc occupying most of surface; two small dark indistinct elliptical maculae near the lateral margins respectively. Dorsal surface with numerous setiferous punctures, punctures sparser, larger, deeper on disc; scales oblanceolate, yellow ( Fig. 68 ); margins smooth and black. Scutellum: Black, with sparse setiferous punctures, scales yellow. Elytra: Reddish brown with humeral umbone, basal and anteromesal surface, sutural costa, anteapical umbone black; with numerous setiferous punctures; punctures denser and scales longer on postdiscal portion. Sternum: Clad with linear scales, especially long and dense on mesosternum and both sides of metasternum. Mesometasternal process glabrous, short and oval ( Fig. 1 ). Pygidium: Black, rugose, with sparse, short, yellow scales. Abdomen: Sternites dark reddish brown, the sternites 6–7 dark red; a longitudinal groove between abdominal sternites 3–5; the sternites 2–6 with numerous linear scales except for medial area, the medial area with sparse setiferous punctures, scales inapparent; the last sternite almost glabrous, with a few punctures. Legs: Coxae and trochanters black. Coxae densely clad with linear scales. Trochanters glabrous. Ventral surface of femora reddish brown with peripheral margins black; covered with short sinuous striolae and sparse, fine, yellow scales. Tibiae reddish brown, apical portion and outer margin black; with numerous punctures and sparse tiny scales. Protibia wide; three teeth along outer margin of which the proximal tooth reduced, the distance between the middle and proximal teeth about 1.5 times between the distal and middle teeth ( Fig. 41 ); a row of mastoid teeth on ventral surface; the deflexed tooth strong and sharp ( Fig. 54 ). Mesotibia and metatibia with a small spine in the middle of outer margin; small yellow setae along inner margin. Tarsi and pretarsi black. Protarsus robust; basitarsus evidently clavate. Parameres: Elongate, outer margins slightly constricted in apical view; apex acute with a tuft of diffuse, long, yellow setae ( Figs. 154, 161 ).

Male paratypes (22). TL: 21.5–28.0 mm, TW: 10.5–13.5 mm. Specimens vary considerably in size and color ( Figs. 135–139 ). Larger specimens are more robust in appearance. Color of elytra varies from reddish brown to black. Scales on dorsal surface vary from yellow to almost white, oblanceolate or linear ( Figs. 69–72 ). Pronotum black or with markings similar to C. decliva ( Figs.135, 139 ). Mesometasternal process oval, subtriangular, or subpentagonal ( Figs. 2–4 ). Color of abdominal sternites from almost black to dark reddish brown, the last sternite and the medial area of the sternites 5–6 red or reddish brown. The proximal tooth on outer margin of protibia is evident or indistinct ( Figs. 42–43 ).

Female paratypes (2). TL: 21.5–25.0 mm, TW: 11.0–12.5 mm. Color in reddish brown or black, similar to male ( Figs. 140–142 ). Clypeus subrectangular. Antennal club smaller. Pronotum flatter. Mesometasternal process short and round. Abdomen convex; sternites almost black, the medial area of the sternites 5–6 red or dark reddish brown; the last sternite red, with a row of stout golden setae along the posterior margin. Legs shorter; the spine in the middle of outer margin of each mesotibia and metatibia sharper and larger; tarsi slim; protibia wide, with three acuate teeth along outer margin.

Type material. Holotype (male): CHINA: Guizhou: ♂ (SWUC, ex QCCC, No.517, dissected), 9.VIII.2011, Tuyunguan, Nanming District, Guiyang, alt. 1200 m, Jian-Yue Qiu & Hao Xu leg, suck sap on Quercus sp. Paratypes (23): Hunan: 1♂ (HFCS), 4.VIII.1981, Qian Xu Chong, 694, Goujiaodong, no collector recorded [handwritten in pencil on white label with a black border, original spelling in Chinese]/ Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders , det. Ma Wen-Zhen [white label with a black border, scientific name handwritten in black ink but common name in red, “det. Ma Wen-Zhen” printed in black ink in Chinese]; Guizhou: 1♂ (QCCC, No.518, dissected), same data as holotype; 1♂ (NHMB, ex QCCC, No. 520), same data as holotype; 1♂ (QCCC, No.521, dissected), same data but 14.VIII.2012; 1♂ (QCCC, No.519), same data but 15.VIII.2012; 12♂♂ (QCCC, No.522~534), same data but 19.VII.2013; 1♂ (BMNH, ex QCCC, No.523), same data but 19.VII.2013; 1♂ (GUGC, ex QCCC, No.535), same data but 04.VIII.2013; 1♀ (GUGC), VII.2010, Guiyang, no collector recorded. 1♀ (SWUC, ex GUGC), VII.2002, Guiyang, no collector recorded. Guangxi: 1♂ (QCCC, No.540), 27.VII.2004, Leye County, Baise, An-Ming Shen leg.; 1♂ (QCCC, No.541), 10.IX.2007, Leli Township, Tianlin County, Baise, An-Ming Shen leg.

Comments on type material. The Chinese characters “Qian Xu Chong” on the label of the male paratype in HFCS are three abbreviations: “Qian” meaning “Qianyang”, now called Huaihua; “Xu” meaning Xupu County; “Chong” meaning insect. Five male paratypes are incomplete: 1) lacks metapretarsomere on the left side; 2) lacks protarsomeres 3–5 on the right side, and its clypeus is damaged; 3) lacks metatarsomere 5 on the right side; 4) lacks the protarsus, mesotibia, and mesotarsus on the left side; 5) lacks both protarsomeres 4–5. 1 female paratype lacks mesotarsomere 5 on the left side, and metatarsomere 3–5 on the left side.

Etymology. The species epithet is from the Latin word fortis meaning strong and powerful in reference to having the most robust body form in this genus.

Distribution. China: Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi.

Natural history. Adults were observed feeding on sap on branch of Quercus species.

Remarks. Yang (1989) reported C. modesta from Guiyang and Bijie with an unclear male habitus illustration. According to this illustration, it is probably C. fortis , but the description of key characters is inexplicit. To verify this hypothesis, Yang’s specimens need to be examined. Ma (1992) recorded C. modesta from west of Hunan Province without specimen data, both the description and the male habitus illustration are imprecise. All the Cetoniinae specimens examined by Ma (1992) are deposited in Hunan Forestry Research Institute (predecessor of HFCS), and all the localities on the labels are cited as approximate regions within Hunan Province. We found this male “ Cosmiomorpha modesta ” with a determination label of Ma in HFCS, and the locality is Xupu County which in the west of Hunan Province. We identified this specimen as a male C. fortis .

Figures

FIGURES 1 – 20. Mesosternal process of male Cosmiomorpha species. 1 – 4. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 1. Holotype; 2 – 4. Paratypes; 5. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 6. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 7. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype; 8 – 9. Cosmiomorpha modesta: 8. (Jiangsu); 9. (Guangxi); 10. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 11 – 20. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 11. (Sichuan); 12. Cosmiomorpha squamulosa (Gansu), lectotype; 13. (Hunan); 14. (Sichuan); 15. (Guangxi); 16. (Fujian); 17. Cosmiomorpha baryi (N. Vietnam), “ allotype ”; 18. (Jiangxi); 19. (Fujian); 20. (Guangxi). Not to the same scale.

FIGURES 21 – 34. Head of Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal and ventral view. 21 – 22. Cosmiomorpha modesta; 23 – 24. Cosmiomorpha decliva; 25 – 26. Cosmiomorpha sauteri; 27 – 28. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, holotype; 29 – 30. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 31 – 32. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 33 – 34. Cosmiomorpha c heni new species, holotype. Not to the same scale.

FIGURES 35 – 47. Protibia and basitarsus of male Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal view. 35 – 36. Cosmiomorpha modesta: 35. (Jiangsu); 36. (Guangxi); 37 – 38. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 37. (Sichuan); 38. (Guangxi); 39 – 40. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 41 – 43. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 41. Holotype; 42 – 43. Paratypes; 44. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 45 – 46. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species: 45. Holotype; 46. Paratype; 47. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 48 – 60. Protibia and basitarsus of male Cosmiomorpha species in lateral view. 48. Cosmiomorpha modesta (Jiangsu); 49 – 51. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 49. (Sichuan); 50. (Guangxi); 51. (Fujian); 52 – 53. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 54 – 56. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 54. Holotype; 55 – 56. Paratypes; 57. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 58 – 59. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species: 58. Holotype; 59. Paratype; 60. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 61 – 75. Scales on pronotal disc of male Cosmiomorpha species 61 – 62. Cosmiomorpha modesta (Zhejiang); 63 – 65. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 63. (Fujian); 64. (Sichuan); 65. (Fujian); 66 – 67. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 68 – 72. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 68. Holotype; 69 – 72. Paratype; 73. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 74. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 75. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 133 – 134. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, male, holotype. 133. Dorsal; 134. Ventral.

FIGURES 135 – 142. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, paratypes. 135 – 139. Male; 140 – 142. Female.

FIGURES 151 – 164. Parameres of Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal and apical view. 151, 158. Cosmiomorpha modesta; 152, 159. Cosmiomorpha decliva; 153, 160. Cosmiomorpha sauteri; 154, 161. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, holotype; 155, 162. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 156, 163. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 157, 164. Cosmiomorpha c heni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 165 – 171. Lateral view of Cosmiomorpha species. 165. Cosmiomorpha modesta; 166. Cosmiomorpha decliva; 167. Cosmiomorpha sauteri; 168. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, holotype; 169. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 170. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 171. Cosmiomorpha c heni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 172 – 180. Habitats of Cosmiomorpha species. 172. Habitat of Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, and Cosmiomorpha decliva (Libo, Guizhou). 173. Habitat of Cosmiomorpha fortis new species (Guiyang, Guizhou). 174 – 176. Cosmiomorpha modesta: 174 – 175. Habitat and male feeding on sap on a branch of Broussonetia papyrifera (Mt. Damashan, Nanjing, Jiangsu); 176. Male feeding on sap on trunk of Quercus (Mt. Qiandashan, Zhuji, Zhejiang, by Tiexiong Zhao). 177 – 180. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 177 – 178. Habitat and adults mating on the ground (Mt. Qilishan, Xiangyang, Hubei, by Mao Ye); 179 – 180. Male on ground and female in bush (Mt. Shaoshishan, Dengfeng, Henan, by Long Zhang).