Limnophila Macquart, 1834

Podenas, Sigitas & Byun, Sun-Jae Park and Hye-Woo, 2022, Limnophila crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea, Journal of Species Research 11 (2), pp. 117-127 : 118-119

Limnophila Macquart, 1834

Limnophila Macquart, 1834: 95 ; Savchenko, 1983: 49 (Key), 1986: 265-268, 1989: 89, 90.

Poecilostola Schiner, 1863: 222 . Type species - Limnobia pictipennis Meigen, 1818 .

Heteropoecilostola Meunier, 1899: 358 . Type species - Limnophila brevipetiolata Meunier, 1906 by subsequent designation of Evenhuis (1994: 75).

Limnophila (Heterolimnophila) Meunier, 1906: 376 (unjustified emendation of Heteropoecilostola Meunier ). Type species - Limnophila brevipetiolata Meunier, 1906 .

Limnomya Rondani, 1861: 11 . Type species - Limnobia pictipennis Meigen, 1818 .

Type species - Limnobia pictipennis Meigen, 1818 , by subsequent designation of Westwood (1840: 128) (Palaearctic).

Adult.

Medium-sized crane fly with body length 8.5-15.2 mm and wing length 8.5-14.5 mm. Body coloration varies from gray to brown and dark brown.

Head: Slightly extended posteriorly, but without neckshaped prolongation like in Pseudolimnophila , or rounded ( Figs. 2C , 3B ). Vertex wide, width right above base of antenna equals length of scape, vertical tubercle small and rounded, just slightly raised above head surface. Antenna with 14-segmented flagellum ( Figs. 1A , 2A ), usually short, reaching to frontal margin of prescutum, if bent backwards, sometimes longer. Flagellomeres elongate, usually 3-4 basal segments dilated ventrally, apical segment subequal in length to preceding or exceeds it. Verticils long and distinct, up to twice as long as respective segment.

Thorax: Prothorax distinctly elongate, frontal margin rounded or angulate, without emargination. Mesonotal prescutum with small but distinct tubercular pits, pseudosutural sutures distinct, dark brown or black. Disc of prescutum with four longitudinal stripes, indistinct and dusted in some species ( Fig. 2C ), polished-black in other ( Fig. 3B ). Pleuron bare with few scattered indistinct setae along ventral margin of anepisternum. Meron small, thus middle and posterior coxae close to each other. Wing long and narrow, with few large spots at frontal margin and lots of small spots along veins and in most cells ( Figs. 1B , 2B , 3A ), stigma present. Arculus present, vein Sc long, reaching wing margin close to the branching point of Rs, sc-r slightly beyond tip of Sc. R 1 elongate, R 3 and R 4 nearly parallel to each other, just slightly diverging at wing margin. Cell m 1 long with long stem, length of which usually exceeds that of cell itself. Discal cell always present, elongate. Cross-vein m -cu distinctly beyond base, usually close to the middle of discal cell. Anal vein long, slightly sinuous, reaching wing margin close to the level of Rs base. Anal angle distinct. Wing cells without macrotri- chiae. Wing squama setoseless. All legs with tibial spurs, foreleg with single, middle and posterior legs with two spurs each.

Abdomen: Tergites with distinct paired transverse sutures at about 1/4-1/3 length of sclerite. Male terminalia ( Figs. 1C , 2D , 3C ) slightly elongate, width does not exceed that of remaining abdominal segments. Sclerites of ninth abdominal segment connected into genital ring in male. Posterior margin of ninth tergite nearly straight or slightly extended medially with two small, rounded lobes and small emargination between them. Gonocoxite oval or slightly elongate, without ventro-mesal lobe. Some species with fleshy knob-like or sclerotized spine- or clawshaped apical structure laterally at base of outer gonostylus. Interbase missing. Two pairs of terminal fleshy and setose gonostyli. Outer gonostylus long and narrow, sometimes with sclerotized and hook-shaped apex. Inner gonostylus dilated basally with slightly curved distal part. Aedeagus very long, arched, tube-shaped. Paramere long and narrow, curved medially. Ovipositor ( Figs. 1D , 2E , 3D ) with long and narrow cerci and hypovalvae, distal part of cercus slightly raised upwards, blunt-apexed, dorsal margin of hypovalva with long parallel setae distally.

Last instar larva.

Body: Covered with brown setae, which gives the body a golden brownish color.

Head capsule: Elongate-oval in shape, depressed dorso- ventrally and reduced. Labrum elongated-oval in shape, separated from clypeus. Frons reduced. Mandible sickleshaped, with a single sharp, curved apical tooth. Maxilla slightly narrowing toward the tip with apical part directed outward. Maxilla elongated, the length of it almost equal to the 1/3 length of the head capsule. Ventral part of head capsule joined-up with hypopharyngeal bar. Posterior part of head capsule consists of one pair of internolateralia and two pairs of externolateralia, which are weakly sclerotized and less reduced than in other genera of Limnophilinae.

Terminal segment: Spiracular field surrounded by four flattened elongate sclerotized lateral and ventral lobes and a reduced and inconspicuous dorsal lobe. Anus surrounded by four cone-shaped, subequal white and fleshy anal papillae.

Pupa.

Body: Coloration brown.

Head: Cephalic crest inconspicuous, consisting of four unequal lobes. Antennal sheaths short. Respiratory horns elongated, apex slightly flattened and rounded.

Legs: Reaching the end of abdominal segment III.

Abdomen: Segments II- VII with inconspicuous annuli. Tergites and sternites on posterior and anterior parts have transverse rows of small tubercles with spines and few scattered spines in between them. Terminal segment of male blunt and narrow. Terminal segment of female pupa elongate.

A total of 191 extant species belong to Limnophila worldwide ( Oosterbroek, 2021). They are divided into 14 subgenera: monotypic L. ( Araucolimnophila ) Alexander, 1940 and L. ( Habrolimnophila ) Alexander, 1968a from Neotropics, the most diverse Nearctic fauna with six subgenera: monotypic L. ( Atopolimnophila ) Alexander, 1972 and L. ( Idiolimnophila ) Alexander, 1934b, L. ( Arctolimnophila ) Alexander, 1966 with only two species, L. ( Hesperolimnophila ) Alexander, 1966 with three, L. ( Lasiomastix ) Osten Sacken, 1860 with four species; subgenus L. ( Dendrolimnophila ) Alexander, 1949 includes one Nearctic and one East Palaearctic species; Afrotropical fauna is charac- terised by five subgenera: L. ( Dasylimnophila ) Alexander, 1965, that includes two species, L. ( Elporiomyia ) Alexan- der, 1964, four species, monotypic L. ( Hovalimnophila ) Alexander, 1963, L. ( Nesolimnophila ) Alexander, 1920 with 3 species and 7 species belong to nominative subgenus; subgenus L. ( Indolimnophila ) Alexander, 1968b with 9 species has only Oriental distribution; Oriental fauna also includes one species from nominative subgenus, but same species probably extends also to Palaearctic Region in Japan; the most species-rich nominative subgenus is most diverse in Australia from where 88 species are recorded, it is well represented in Neotropics, 38 species, and 11 species are recorded from Palaearctic. The oldest representative of the genus is known from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber. It is ascribed to the separate subgenus L. ( Burmolimnophila ) Podenas, Poinar, 2009. Remaining twenty fossil species are unplaced to subgenera. They all came from Paleogene Period ( Evenhuis, 2014). Genus Limnophila recorded here for the first time from the Korean Peninsula.

Figures

Fig. 2. Limnophila (Limnophila) pictipennis Meigen, 1818. A. antenna. B. wing. C. thorax and head, dorsal view. D. male genitalia, dorsal view. E. ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars 0.5mm.

Fig. 3. Limnophila (Limnophila) politostriata Alexander, 1934. A. wing. B. thorax and head, dorsal view. C. male genitalia, dorsal view. D. ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1. Limnophila (Limnophila) japonica Alexander, 1913. A. an- tenna. B. wing. C. male genitalia, dorsal view. D. ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars 0.5mm.