Solanum pittosporifolium Hemsl., 1890

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 187-192

29. Solanum pittosporifolium Hemsl. , J. Linn. Soc. 26: 171. 1890 Figure 72

Solanum dulcamara L. var. heterophyllum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Toyko) 24(276): 19. 1910. Type: Japan. Sin. loc. (no specimens cited; none located; synonymy ex descr.).

Solanum japonense Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 19: 58. 1923. Type: Based on Solanum dulcamara L. var. heterophyllum Makino

Solanum nipponense Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 3: 20. 1926. Type: Based on Solanum dulcamara L. var. heterophyllum Makino

Solanum takaoyamense Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 3: 38. 1926. Type: Japan. Hondo: prov. Musashi, Mt. Takao, 1926, T. Makino s.n. (holotype: TI?, herb. Makino?).

Solanum schiffnerianum Witasek, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80: 163. 1931. Type: Indonesia. Sumatra: Mt. Merapi, 1200 m, 30 Jul 1894, V. Schiffner 2506 (lectotype, designated here: L [L0003663]; isolectotype: L [L0003664]).

Solanum hidetaroi Masam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 29: 84. 1939. Type: Taiwan [China]. Taihokusyu, Pianan-Kirittoi, 13 Jul 1931, G. Masamune & K. Mori 1630 (holotype: TI [n.v.]; isotype: PE [PE00031402]).

Solanum pittosporifolium Hemsl. var. pilosum C.Y.Wu & S.C.Huang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(2): 72. 1978. Type: China. Yunnan: Weixi, ca. 2500 m, Guomei Feng 4840 (holotype: KUN; isotype: PE [PE00031396]).

Type.

China. Sichuan [Szechuan]: Mount Omei, 5000 ft, E. Faber s.n. [252] (holotype: K [K000658076]; isotype: NY [NY000172264]).

Description.

Small shrub or woody vine, if shrubby, plants usually scandent or trailing to 2 m long. Stems glabrous, slightly ridged, thin and flexuous; new growth glabrous or with a few glandular trichomes. Bark of older stems pale brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, 5-14 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, narrowly elliptic, membranous, the upper surfaces glabrous or minutely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes <0.5 mm long, these 1-2-celled, the lower surfaces glabrous or with simple uniseriate trichomes along the midvein; primary veins 5-7 pairs, somewhat impressed above; base attenuate, decurrent onto the petiole; margins entire, slightly undulate; apex acuminate or occasionally acute; petiole 0.5-3 cm long, glabrous of with a few 1-2-celled simple uniseriate trichomes, the occasionally minutely glandular. Inflorescences terminal or lateral, 2-10 cm long, open and usually many times branched, with 10-40 (+) flowers, glabrous; peduncle 2-5.5 cm long; pedicels 6-11 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, spreading, glabrous or minutely pubescent with simple glandular trichomes, articulated at the base, leaving a short peg 1.5-2 mm long; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 2-10 mm apart, more closely spaced distally. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla strongly exerted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube ca. 1 mm long, the lobes 0.5-1 mm long, deltate to triangular, glabrous. Corolla 1-1.4 cm in diameter, white to violet with green spots at the base of each lobe making a green eye, stellate, lobed ca. 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 5-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, reflexed at anthesis, minutely papillose at the tips and margins, otherwise glabrous. Filament tube <0.5 mm long, the free portion of the filaments 0.5-0.75 mm long, glabrous; anthers 3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 5-7.5 mm long, glabrous; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, to 1 cm in diameter, bright red when ripe, juicy, the pericarp thin and shiny; fruiting pedicels 1.2-1.4 cm long, 0.5-1 mm in diameter at the base, not markedly woody, spreading. Seeds> 30 per berry, ca. 3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, flattened reniform, pale yellow, the surface with “hairs” ca. 0.5 mm long from the lateral cell walls. Chromosome number: not known.

Distribution

( Figure 73 ). Solanum pittosporifolium is found at a wide variety of elevations (300-1500 m) from Bhutan and the Kashmir region at the India/Pakistan border through China to Japan, Vietnam and the island of Sumatra in Indonesia.

Ecology.

Relatively common in disturbed habitats such as roadsides and riverbeds; often growing at the edge of trails.

Common names.

China: tai bai ying, ye hai qie, hai tong ye bai ying ( Zhang et al. 1994).

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Solanum pittosporifolium is widely distributed throughout temperate and subtropical Asia and is somewhat weedy. It has a more southerly and westerly distribution than does Solanum lyratum ; it extends south to the Indonesian island of Sumatra and into the frontier area of India and Pakistan, where it is sympatric with Solanum dulcamara . In the treatment of Solanum for Flora of China ( Zhang et al. 1994) many of the names here treated as synonyms of Solanum pittosporifolium were recognised at the specific level and considered to be "doubtfully distinct from Solanum dulcamara ".The two species can be very difficult to distinguish when in fruit, but Solanum pittosporifolium has shorter and sparser pubescence than does Solanum dulcamara , and is usually a more delicate plant. The leaves of Solanum pittosporifolium are never divided, and usually have undulate margins; those of Solanum dulcamara are more variable, but usually have more acute bases than those of Solanum pittosporifolium . In flower, the two are easily separated - Solanum pittosporifolium as elliptic anthers that are not held tightly together and the buds are ovoid or ellipsoid, never turbinate like those of Solanum dulcamara .

The leaf pubescence of Solanum septemlobum is similar to that of Solanum pittosporifolium , but the two species can be distinguished by flower size (those of Solanum septemlobum are larger and the petals are usually not reflexed) and by the shorter, stiffer trichomes of Solanum pittosporifolium . In general, Solanum pittosporifolium is a more tropical plant than is Solanum septemlobum , although they do overlap in central China.

When Solanum pittosporifolium grows along roadsides and is cut back regularly it appears to be a shrub, but if left to extend its branches it becomes a flexuous vine. I have collected it growing in river courses where it seems to be behaving as a rheophyte, but populations outside of this sort of habitat have identical almost glabrous, narrow leaves.

Both syntypes of Solanum pittosporifolium encountered are labelled as Faber 252, but as Hemsley worked at Kew at the time he described this species it is clear the K sheet is that used by him, not the sheet at NY. Of the two sheets of Schiffner 2506 held at L, I have chosen L0003663 as the lectotype for Solanum schiffnerianum as it has a complete locality label and is annotated in Witasek’s hand.

Specimens examined.

Bhutan. Ruhubje Dorysa, 2591 m, 7 Oct 1914, Cooper 2318 (BM, E).

Burma. Ukhrul, 1676 m, 27 Aug 1948, Kingdon-Ward 18004 (NY).

China. Anhui: Wangshan, Wang Shan, 20 Jul 1925, Ching 8653 (K, US); Wangshan, 1973, Chow 92 (A, K, L); Chiu-Hua Shan, 500 m, 3 Jul 1934, Fan & Li 29 (K); Yaoluoping, Yuexi County, 950 m, 14 Jul 2002, Zhou 060 (K, MO); Fujian: Mount Wuyi, Wuyi Mt, 1100 m, 9 Aug 1980, Wuyi Shan Team 80-0635 (MO); Gansu: Lanzhou City, Anningshilidian. Lanzhou city, 1500 m, 1 Sep 1996, Lian 96964 (MO); Guangdong: Daling, Jiaolankeng, Daling, Ruruan County, 10 Sep 1935, Chen 11023 (MO); Ruyuan County, Xishan, Ruyuan County, 1400 m, 23 Nov 1957, Deng 5778 (MO); Fan Shiu Shan, Fan Shiu Au and vicinity, Wung Yuen district, 1 Nov 1933, Lau 2738 (GH); Guangxi: Damiaoshan, 600 m, 28 Jul 1958, Chen 15919 (MO); Jinwanshan, Pingshixiang, Sanfang district, Damiaoshan County, 800 m, 9 Aug 1958, Chen 16227 (HITBC, MO); Yuanbaoshan, Xiaosangxiang, Antai district, Damiaoshan County, 9 Nov 1958, Chen 17170 (MO); Hai-Chang Village, Ch’i-fen-shan, Kwei-lin District, 24 Sep 1937, Tsang 28384 (A, US); Hai-Chang Village, Ch’i-fen-shan, Kwei-lin District, 24 Sep 1937, Tsang 28400 (A, US); Yao Shan, 1524 m, 18 Oct 1936, Wang 40268 (A); Qingbao County, Huanglianshan, Qingbao County, 1400 m, 2 Dec 1958, Zhang 13621 (MO); Guizhou: Jiangkou Xian, Heiwan River on the SE side of the Fanjing Shan mountain range in the vicinity of the Ecological Station of the Guizhou Academy of Sciences, 560 m, 20 Aug 1986, Sino-American Guizhou Bot. Exp. 90 (L); Songtao Xian, Lengjiaba, vicinity of confluence of the Xiaohe and Dahe Rivers, NE side of the Fanjing Shan mountain range, 820 m, 5 Oct 1986, Sino-American Guizhou Bot. Exp. 2225 (A); Fanjing Mountain, 520 m, Nov 1985, Sino-British Plant Exped. Team, 0013 (K); Henan: Luoning, Liu Miao H-30193 (HITBC); Mangchuan, Liu Miao H-40091 (HITBC); Taibaiding, Tangbai County, 700 m, 1 Aug 1985, South Team T-0265 (MO); Hubei: Shennongjia Forest District, S end of the Loyang River Gorge near Pingqian, 1300 m, 14 Sep 1980, Bartholomew et al. 1278 (HIB); Yichang, Ichang. Nan-t’o and mountains to northward, Feb 1887, Henry s.n. (K); Yichang, Ichang and immediate neighbourhood, Feb 1887, Henry 2334A (GH, K); Shennongjia Forest District, S end of Loyang River gorge near Pingqian, 1300 m, 14 Sep 1980, Sino-American Expedition 1278 (A); Kikungshan, 30 Jul 1925, Steward 9742 (US); Yang-kia-ping, Jul 1934, Wang 61841 (A); Hunan: Yunshan, prope urbem Wukang, templum Gwanyingo, 1250 m, 5 Aug 1918, Handel-Mazzetti 12401 (GH); Wuli’an, Yunshan, Wugang County, 720 m, 3 Oct 1963, Liu & He 16141 (MO); Yizhang, Yizhang County, 1300 m, 23 Oct 1942, Xu 2799 (MO); Jiangsu: Yu-hewnag-tien, Hwang-lung Shan, 20 Aug 1947, Hsiung 5576 (A); Nanjing, Jiangpu District, Laoshan, Tianlin, 1300 m, 27 Nov 1957, Zhang 11070 (); Jiangxi: Lushan, Douyouping, Lushan mountain, E slope, 1075 m, 27 Sep 2007, Knapp et al. 10136 (BM); Lushan, Wufeng, (Five Old Man Peaks), Lushan Mountain, E slopes, 1191 m, 28 Sep 2007, Knapp et al. 10140 (BM); Jiujiang, Lushan, Lushan, 190 m, 1 Oct 1994, Tan 94-1079 (MO); Wuningyan, Wuning County, 500 m, 21 Oct 1994, Tan 94-1179 (MO); Luoxi, 1300 m, 31 Aug 1996, Tan 96-08072 (MO); De An Xian, 200 m, 8 Nov 1996, Tan 11042 (B); Shaanxi: sin. loc., 1600 m, 21 Aug 1957, Anonymous s.n. (HIB); Shandong: Sishui, Guo Chengyong 54428 -5 (HITBC); Shanxi: Taibai Mountain, 1300 m, 9 Oct 1990, Liu 90-103 (A); Sichuan: Dujiangyan, Qinglongzui, Dujianyan Municipality (formerly Guan Xian), Qinglongzui near the site of Longwangmiao, along the Longxi River, 1900 m, 9 Sep 1988, Boufford et al. 24748 (A, BM); Baiyu Xian, W of Baiyu along Ou Qu (Ou River) then N along the Jinsha Jiang (upper Chang Jiang) toward Dege, 2965 m, 21 Aug 2006, Boufford et al. 36963 (A); Mount Emei, Emei [Omei] Mt, 1020 m, 1 Dec 1996, Li 96-218 (MO); Tsa-wa-rung, Me-kong, 3000 m, 1935, Wang 66159 (A); Tibet: Ta Tsien Lou, ( Principauté de Kiala), Thibet Oriental, 20 Jun 1893, Soulié 753 (B); Yunnan: Ma-jo, 1907, Cavalerie 3147 (K); Gaoligong Shan Region. Gongshan Xian, Dulongjiang Xiang. In the vicinity of Maku, southern region of the Dulong Jiang valley on the W side of the Dulong Jiang, 1680 m, 14 Dec 1990, Dulong Jiang Investigation Team 1003 (CAS); Wu-too, on Yangtze, S. Chungtien, 2550 m, 13 Nov 1939, Feng 3343 (A); Mingkwong valley, 1829 m, Jun 1912, Forrest 8349 (K); Gaoligong Shan Region, Fugong Xian, Lumadeng Xiang. Yaping Cun, along road above old Shibali on N side of S fork of Yamu He, E side of Gaoligong Shan, 2540 m, 22 Aug 2005, Gaoligong Shan Biodiversity Survey 28858 (CAS, GH); Luzhang, Nujiang Lisu Aut. Pref., Lushui Co., 3 km east of Yao Jia Ping, along road to Lu Zhang, 2440 m, 25 Oct 1996, Gaoligong Shan Expedition 1996 8039 (E); Xishuangbanna, Menghai, Tao Guoda 40024 (HITBC); A-tun-tze, 2700 m, 1935, Wang 70253 (A); Nujiang, Lushui, Wu Sugong 8066 (HITBC); Zhejiang: Mokanshan, 13 Sep 1934, Read R-1190 (BM).

India. Jammu and Kashmir: Kishtwar, Kashmir, 1829 m, 17 Sep 1878, Clarke 31365 (LE); below Nagkanda, Aug 1849, Fleming s.n. (E); Nara Nag, Wangat Nullah, 2100 m, 10 Sep 1956, Polunin 56/776 (B, E, F); Sikkim: Choongtam, Oct 1827, Anonymous s.n. (K); Rumman [Vos], 1829 m, Nov 1881, Gamble 10042 (K); Daquili, 2134 m, Aug 1882, Gamble 10557 (K).

Indonesia. Sumatra: W. Kust, G. Koerintzi, 2200 m, 6 May 1920, Brummemeyer 10103 (L).

Japan. Hokkaido: Sapporo, prov. Ishikari, 15 Oct 1890, Tokukuchi s.n. (GH); Honshu: Mt. Tanzawayama, Sagami: Mt. Tanzawayama, 19 Aug 1910, Anonymous s.n. (US); Nagano, Mt. Shizumo, Kiso-gun, Nigiso-machi, 500 m, 18 Nov 1980, Boufford et al. 23332 (A); Tochigi, Mt. Hiruga-take, to half way up from foot of mountain, prov. Shimotsuke, Shiwobara-machi, Shiwoya-gun, 800 m, 8 Jul 1958, Furuse s.n. (A); half-way up Mt. Hiruga-take, Shiwobara-machi, Shiwoya-gun. Province Shimotsuke. Prefecture Tochigi, 800 m, 8 Jul 1958, Furuse 33992 (K); to Koshibu-yu from up stream Koshibu-river, Ohjika-son Shimo-ina-gun, Prefecture Nagano. Province Shinano, 1100 m, 4 Aug 1966, Furuse 44346 (K); Fara range above Hegi, 13 Aug 1937, Hara N-82-37 (K); Shizuoka, Mt. Kenashi-yama, Fujinomiya-shi, Fumoto, 870 m, 3 Jul 1994, Kobayashi 2590 (A); Shizuota, Tagata-gun, Amagiyugashima-machi, Joren-no-taki Fall, 280 m, 14 Sep 1994, Kobayashi 2700 (A); Shizuoka, Fumoto, Fujinomiya-shi, 900 m, 30 Oct 1994, Kobayashi 2802 (A); Ecchu, Mt. Tateyama, 31 Aug 1932, Maekawa 261 (BH); Shinano, Shidzumo National Forest, Okuwa-mura, Kiso, 23 Aug 1954, Mizushima 12414 (S); Nara, Wasamata-dani, Kamikitayama-mura, Yoshino-gun, 700 m, 22 Sep 1986, Murata 67293 (A); Owari, 15 Aug 1929, Shiota 4805 (GH); Izumi, 15 Nov 1931, Shiota 5417 (A); prov. Mino, 14 Oct 1933, Shiota 7242 (A); Kii, Mt. Koya, route from Daimon to Yatate, 700 m, 9 Sep 1962, Tamura 9361 (S); Nara, Mt. Wasamata, N slope, Kami-kitayama-mura, Yoshino-gun, 1200 m, 20 Sep 1986, Tsugaru et al. 7400 (A); Asakogun, Hyoyoken, 17 Aug 1939, Uno 24095 (GH); Shizuoka, Mt. Ogasa-yama, Fukuroi-shi, 250 m, 21 Oct 1999, Yamashiro 7030 (A); Aichi, Mt. Horaiji-san, Minamishitata-gun, Horaiji-cho, Toshuguu-Okuoin, 22 Oct 1999, Yamashiro 7041 (A); Nagasaki, Kuroki-Yokomine Pass, Ohmura-shi, Kuroki-cho, 390 m, 20 Aug 1995, Yonekura 95952 (A); Kyushu: Kagoshima, Mt. Shibi, Miyanojo, 20 Oct 1958, Hara 2771 (A); Ryuku: Ryuku Islands, Amamioshima, Mt. Yuwan, 5 Nov 1927, Saito 3289 (A, BM); Shikoku: Tosa, Nanokawa, 11 Jul 1892, Anonymous s.n. (US).

Republic of Korea. Korean Archipelago, Jul 1863, Oldham 1039 (K).

Taiwan. Alishan, Arizan, Jan 1914, Faurie 1480 (A, BM).

Vietnam. Cao Bang: Distr. Nguyen Binh, municipality Ca Thanh, vicinity of Ca Lu village, about 7-8 km to SE from Yen Lac village, about 38 km to NWW from Cao Bang town, 1350 m, 21 Nov 1998, Averyanov CBL-552 (MO); Tonkin: Chapa, 1500 m, Aug 1940, Pételot 2604 (A).

Figures

Figure 72. Solanum pittosporifolium Hemsl. (A drawn from Li 96079 B-C drawn from Wan et al. 1824 D-F drawn from Zhou 060 G drawn from photographs of Knapp 10136). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.

Figure 73. Distribution of Solanum pittosporifolium Hemsl.