Pilophorus typicus Distant, 1909

Yasunaga, Tomohide, Duwal, Ram Keshari & Nakatani, Yukinobu, 2021, Reclassification of the plant bug genus Pilophorus in Japan and key to the genera and species of Japanese Pilophorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Phylinae), Zootaxa 4942 (1), pp. 1-40 : 28-35

Pilophorus typicus Distant, 1909

( Figs 3 G–I, 4I–J, 7B, D, F, 8, 9F–H, L–N, 10C–E, 15J–Q, 16G–L)

Thaumaturgus typicus Distant, 1909: 519 (n. sp.).

Pilophorus typicus: Carvalho, 1958: 148 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013, online catalog; Yasunaga et al., 2014: 13 (diag., key); Aukema, 2018, online catalog; Fukuda et al., 2020 (immature forms).

Material examined. Lectotype (♀). INDIA: Calcutta, 22.53300, 88.41600, Chrysanthemum sp., 28 May 1907, C.A. Pavia, ( BMNH) ( AMNH _PBI 00085509). Additional material. JAPAN: Kyushu: Nagasaki City, Nagasaki West High School Garden, 32.766240, 129.859220 [ Fig. 8B , 11 ], engine-vacuum-netting, Artemisia sp., Jun 2019 – Oct 2020, NWHS Biol. Club, 40 ♂, 30 ♀ ( NWHS, TYCN); same locality (margin of school ground), 32.767117, 129.859060, sweeping weeds, 17 Nov. 2020, T. Yasunaga, 6 ♂, 2 ♀ ( NWHS, TYCN); Nagasaki City, Shiroyamadai, 32.7687, 129.8435 [ Fig. 8B , 10 ], Artemisia sp., 5 Aug 2020, NWHS Biol. Club, 1 ♂ ( TYCN); same data except for date 22 Aug 2020, 4 ♂, 3 ♀ ( NWHS, TYCN); Nagasaki City, Menoto, 32.80, 129.88 [ Fig. 8B , 12 ], leaves of Japanese morning-glory, Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. ( Convolvulaceae ), Aug–Sep 2020, Noguchi, 12 ♂ 8 ♀ ( NWHS, TYCN); Nagasaki City, Nameshi 2-chome, 32.8105, 129.8408 [ Fig. 8B , 9 ], flowers of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb. & Zucc. (Rutaceae) , 26 Sep 1997, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♀; same locality, Albizia julibrissin Durazz (Fabaceae) , 7 Sep 2001, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♂ ( TYCN) (00380678); Nagasaki Pref., Omura City, Kushima, 32.89600, 129.95385, sweeping weeds, 18 Nov 2020. H. Asanabe ( TYCN). Ryukyus: Amami-Oshima Island, Amami City, Chinaze, 2 Jul 2000, Y. Nakatani, 3 ♀ ( NIAES); Ishigaki Island, Ban’na Park, 24.383, 124.173, Hirado-Azalea ( Rhododendronx pulchrum ), 21 Nov 1997, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♂ (00380196) ( TYCN); same data, except for date 4 Mar 1998, 1 ♀ ( TYCN); Ishigaki Island, Hoshino, 24.44, 124.25, 6 Sep 1998, K. Takahashi, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( TYCN); Ishigaki Island, Nosoko, 24.49, 124.25, 3 Mar 1999, Y. Nakatani, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( NIAES); Iriomote Island, Funa-ura, 24.404, 123.805, 12 Mar 1993, Y. Nakatani, 2 ♂ ( NIAES); Yonaguni Island, Donan-dake, 24.45, 122.97, 4 Apr 1991, 1 ♀ ( TYCN). INDIA: Manjitar 300 m, nr. Darjeeling, 27.10, 88.26, 29 Sep 1988, M. Sakai, 4 ♂, 4 ♀ ( NSMT). MYANMAR: Yangon, Insein Township, W. Gyoggon, 16.874267, 96.103679, on fabaceous vine, Sep 2015, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♀ ( TYCN). NEPAL: Kathmandu, Gongabu-Samakhusi, 27.731077, 85.313077, UV lighting, 26 Jun 2005, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♂ ( NMTU). PHILIPPINES: N. Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Tarabanan, 10.00, 119.00, 2 Sep 1985, M. Sakai, 1 ♀ ( NSMT). SINGAPORE: Pulau Ubin (Ubin Island), 1.4039, 103.9691, 4 Jan 1989, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♀ (00380197) ( TYCN). TAIWAN: Kaohshiung, Maolin, Shanping, 22.967, 120.685, 17 Oct 2015, H. Yoshitake, 1♂, 4♀ ( NIAES); Pintung, Nat. Kenting Park, Xianglin VII, Badin, 22.037, 120.825, 25 Dec 2012, J. F.Tsai, 1 ♂ ( NMNS) (00380679). THAILAND: Chaiyaphum: Chulabhom Dam, 16.533, 101.644, 760̅ 780 m, 16 Apr 2013, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♂ (00380192) ( TYCN). Nakhon Nayok: Sarika, 14.3108, 101.3000, at FL light, 13 Mar 2009, T.Yasunaga, 1 ♂ (00380193) ( TYCN); Sarika, 14.3125, 101.3013, on eggplant, 6 Apr 2019, T. Yasunaga, 3 ♂, 2 ♀ ( TYCN). Nakhon Ratchasima: Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, 14.4970, 101.9158, 500 m alt., 28 Oct 2008, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♂ (00380194) ( TYCN). Sa Kaeo: Muang Sa Kaeo, 13.7979, 102.0825, on eggplant leaf, 22 Feb 2018, T.Yasunaga, 1 ♀ ( TYCN). Saraburi: Kaeng Khoi, Kyusei Organic Farm, 14.543, 101.076, mango flower, 22 Jan 2009, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♀ (00380195) ( TYCN). Surin: Amphoe Phanom Dong Rak, Tambon Khok Klang, 14.530930, 103.226433, eggplant, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♀ ( TYCN).

Rediagnosis. Most closely related to P. hyotan n. sp., from which P. typicus can be distinguished by the characters in the key (couplet 21). Previous records in Japan and Korea often confused with P. hyotan ; previous reliable diagnoses based on the tropical populations were provided by Schuh (1984) and Yasunaga et al. (2014). The female genitalia are described for the first time; a description and illustration by Duwal et al. (2014) were based on Korean specimens which are now confirmed to represent P. hyotan .

Description. The external structures were redescribed by Schuh (1984: 71–73). Overall appearance very similar to P. hyotan n. sp. Male genitalia ( Figs 9 F–H, L–N, 15N–O, 16G–J): Left paramere narrow, not much sprayed-out ( Fig. 9L ), with apex of sensory lobe brunt-tipped ( Fig. 15 N–O); hypophysis of right paramere small; median process of endosoma curved nearly at right angle basally ( Fig. 16J ). Female genitalia ( Figs 10 C–E, 16K–L): Sclerotized ring triangularly folded laterally ( Fig. 10 D–E); vestibular sclerite without lateral thumb-like knob ( Fig. 10C ); interramal lobe with 2–3 rows of spinules along distal margin ( Fig. 16 K–L).

Biology. In southern part of Japan (Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands ) and SE Asia, both immature forms and adults of this multivoltine mirid are almost continuously found throughout a year. Continuing observation in Nagasaki ( NWHS garden, N32.766240 E129.859220, warm temperate climate zone, Fig. 8B , site 11) suggests that the local population has at least four generations per year. All immature stages were diagnosed and figured by Fukuda et al. (2020) .

Discussion. See discussion under P. hyotan n. sp.

Figures

FIGURE 3. Habitus images of Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. (A–F) and P. typicus (G–I), live adult individuals. A. ♂. B. ♀. C. ♀, ventral view. D. ♀, ventral view. E. ♀, praying on an aphid. F. ♀, praying on a leafhopper nymph. G. ♂, from Kathmandu, Nepal. H. ♀, Surin, Thailand. I. ♀, Nagasaki, Japan, ventral view.

FIGURE 8. A. Provisional result of molecular analysis for Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. and P. typicus (a-j in black and white circles showing sampling sites on cladogram). B. Distribution pattern of P. hyotan n. sp. and P. typicus in Nagasaki City area, SW Japan (numbers in square brackets corresponding to those mentioned in material examined section of respective species).

FIGURE 9. Male genitalia of Pilophorus spp. A–E, I–K. P. hyotan n. sp. (from Nagasaki, Japan: A–C, K; Solkhumbu, Nepal: D–E, I–J). F–H, L–N. P. typicus (Nakhon Nayok, Thailand: F–G; India: H, L–M; Nagasaki: N). O. P. miyamotoi (Kochi Pref., Japan). P–S. P. pullulus (Amami-Oshima Is.). A– B, D, F–G, O–P. Endosoma (vesica). C, E, H, S. Phallotheca. I–N, Q–R. Parameres.

FIGURE 10. Male genitalia of Pilophorus spp. A–B. P. hyotan n. sp. (from Tokyo, Japan). C–E. P. typicus (Nagasaki, Japan: C; India: D; Palawan, Philippines: E).

FIGURE 11. Male endosoma (vesica) and endosoma of Japanese Pilophorus spp. A. P. choii (from Otaru). B. P. erraticus (Nagasaki). C. P. pseudoperplexus (Kanagawa). D. P.okamotoi (Tsushima Is.). E. P.satoyamanus n. sp. (Kochi).F. P.setulosellus n. sp. (Hiroshima). G. Same (Nara). H. P. setulosus (Sapporo, type locality, Salix). I. Same, (Shiretoko, Artemisia).

FIGURE 12. Female bursa copulatrix and eggs (B, E, H) of Japanese Pilophorus spp. A, C, F, K–L. Dorsal view. D, G, I, J, M. Ventral view, with vestibular sclerite (VES). A–B. P. erraticus (Nagasaki). C–E. P. pseudoperplexus (Otaru). F–H. P. satoyamanus n. sp. (Ibaraki). I. P. okamotoi (Tsushima Is.). J–K. P. setulosellus n. sp. (Hiroshima). L–M. P. setulosus (Asahikawa).

FIGURE 15. Scanning electron micrographs for Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. (with black circles●) and P. typicus. A. Left lateral habitus. B, K. Dorsal habitus. C, L. Thoracic pleura, left lateral view. D, J. Ventral habitus. E, F, M. Scutellum. G, N, O. Apex of pygophore (with sensory lobe of left paramere), left lateral view. H–I, P–Q. Metatarsus. G. Same, pretarsal structure.

FIGURE 16. Scanning electron micrographs of male (A–J) and female (K–O) genitalia for Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. (with black circles●) and P. typicus. A, H. Pygophore, dorsal view. B. Left paramere. C. Right paramere. D, G. Same, with exposed endosoma (vesica). E–F, I–J. Endosoma. K–O. Posterior wall of bursae.