Tomarus maternus ( Prell, 1937 )

López-García, Margarita M. & Deloya, Cuauhtémoc, 2022, Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision, Zootaxa 5211 (1), pp. 1-119 : 66-67

Tomarus maternus ( Prell, 1937)

( Figs. 4G , 5H , 6E , 7G , 8I, M , 13I , 16K , 20B , 22C , 28B ; 46 )

Ligyrus maternus Prell 1937: 89 . Original combination.

Male lectotype designated by Endrödi (1969: 70) (ZMHB) “Gf. Madre de Dios / III. Peru 500 m. // Tomarus / maternus Prell / ♂ -Type // Lectotypus / Ligyrus / maternus / Prell / Endrody”. Female paralectotype (ZMHB) “Gf. Madre de Dios / III. Peru 500 m. // Tomarus / maternus Prell / ♀ -Type // Paratypus / Ligyrus / maternus / Prell” Type locality: Madre de Dios, Peru.

Male paralectotype “ Umbria / Guines Fluss / Columbien // Paratypus / maternus / Prell // Tomarus gyas / Erichson, 1848 / Det. López-García M.M. 2016” corresponds to a male of Tomarus gyas (aedeagus dissected) .

Description. Habitus as in Fig. 28B . Length 24.0–25.0 mm; humeral width 12.0– 12.5 mm. Color dark reddish brown to black. Head: Frons coarsely rugose. Frontoclypeal region with 2 transverse tubercles separated by about 3.0–3.5 tubercle diameters. Clypeus narrowed towards apex, base 3 times wider than apex. Clypeal teeth triangular, separated by 1.0–1.5 tooth diameters. Mandible with 2 apical teeth and a lateral, slightly rounded tooth ( Fig. 5H ). Mentum abruptly constricted at apical 3rd. Galea of maxilla with teeth 5 and 6 well developed. Interocular distance 3.8 times an eye width. Pronotum: Surface smooth on disc, with minute punctures on lateral margins. Apical tubercle small, rounded, not visible in lateral view. Fovea shallow, striate and about 1/2 as wide as interocular distance. Scutellum: Surface with deep, small punctures forming 2 lines parallel to margins. Elytra: First interval punctate, punctures smaller than on other intervals, sutural stria complete. Inner surface of apex with rounded, small tubercles not forming parallel lines ( Fig. 8M ). Abdomen: Apex of tergite IV with a triangular wide area with small and large, irregular tubercles not forming defined lines ( Fig. 8I ). Pygidial surface rugose on basal 3rd and on lateral angles in male, nearly smooth in female; disc with minute punctures; apex regularly rounded. Venter: Apex of prosternal process flat, oval to rounded. Metasternum with minute setae. Legs: Protibia tridentate, rarely with an additional small, basal denticle. Metatibia with sides nearly parallel. Apex of metatibia crenulate, with 14–17 spinules. Male genitalia: Spiculum gastrale without basal plates. Phallobase 1.2 times longer than parameres. Parameres with 2 pairs of dorso-lateral teeth; the main teeth short, wide, acute; the secondary teeth rounded ( Figs. 16K , 20B ). Internal sac with copulatory lamella and short lamellar spiny belt; with a complex of 8 spine-like accessory lamellae, without granules at base ( Fig. 22C ).

Diagnosis. Tomarus maternus can be recognized by the nearly impunctate pronotum; small pronotal tubercle not visible in lateral view; pronotal fovea shallow and narrow (1/3 as wide as interocular distance); scutellum with deep, small punctures forming 2 lines parallel to margins; protibia tridentate; and apex of metatibia with 14–17 spinules; parameres with 2 pairs of dorsal lateral teeth, the main teeth short, wide, acute, and the secondary teeth rounded ( Figs. 16K , 20B ); spine-like accessory lamellae of internal sac without granules at base ( Fig. 22C ).

Distribution. Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Costa Rica.

Locality records ( Fig. 46 ). 82 examined specimens from FSCA, MERKB, UNSM, USAAC, USNM, and ZMHB. Some records from CMNC and Endrödi (1969), Ratcliffe (2003), and Escalona & Joly (2006). BOLIVIA (10). Beni (2): Rurrenabaque. Cochabamba (4): Chaparé. La Paz (2): Coroico, Guanay; Río Bopi. Santa Cruz (2): Buena Vista. COLOMBIA (14). Chocó (1): Riosucio. Cundinamarca (2): La Esperanza; Quetame. Meta (8): Villavicencio. Valle del Cauca (3): Buenaventura; Calima; Dagua. COSTA RICA (12). Limón (12): Amubri; Hamburg Farm; Hitoy Cerere. ECUADOR (27). Guayas (1): Guayaquil. Napo (12): Lago Agrio; Jatun Sacha; Misahualli; Puerto Agrio; Puerto Napo; Río Arajuno. Zamora-Chinchipe (3): Yantzaza. Imprecise data (3). Ecuador. PANAMA (1). Darien (1): Cana. PERU (27). Ayacucho (2): La Mar, Santa Rosa. Cuzco (6): Pilcopata. Huánuco (13): Tingo María. Madre de Dios (4): Shintuya. San Martín (1): Huagalla. Imprecise data (1): Peru. VENEZUELA (2). Portuguesa (1): San Nicolás. Táchira (1): San Cristobal.

Natural history. Tomarus maternus is mainly found below 450 m in tropical forests and near mangroves, and adults are attracted to lights.

Figures

FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus.

FIGURE 5. Mandible. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus rostratus, G) T. gyas, H) T. maternus.

FIGURE 6. Labrum. A) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, B) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) Tomarus gyas, E) T. maternus, F) T. selanderi, G) T. subtropicus.

FIGURE 7. Left hindwing in ventral view. A, C) Euligyrus similis, B, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, F) Tomarus gyas, G) T. maternus, H) T. rostratus.

FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas.

FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite.

FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus.

FIGURE 20. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus.

FIGURE 22. Internal sac. A) Tomarus pullus, B) T. rostratus, C) T. maternus. Abbreviations: AL: Accessory lamellae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula, SD: Sclerotized diverticulum.

FIGURE 28. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIGURE 46. Distributional records of Tomarus maternus.