Ligyrus (Ligyrus) gibbosus ( De Geer, 1774 )

López-García, Margarita M. & Deloya, Cuauhtémoc, 2022, Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision, Zootaxa 5211 (1), pp. 1-119 : 42-45

Ligyrus (Ligyrus) gibbosus ( De Geer, 1774)

( Figs. 2C , 15M , 18E , 26B ; 38 )

Scarabaeus gibbosus De Geer, 1774: 322 . Original combination.

Type lost. The specimen labeled “ Scarabaeus / gibbosus / DeGeer / Holotype // Cyclocephala / verticalis Burm / det. Dr. Endrödi 1966 // Nicht die Type / v. L. gibbosus / Deg.! // NHRS-JLKB / 000027136” is a female of Cyclocephala as indicated by Endrödi and is not part of the type series. Type locality: Pennsylvania.

Scarabaeus juvencus Fabricius, 1775: 18 . Synonym. Not examined. According to Endrödi (1969) a syntype was at ZMK, but only three specimens without type labels were found by the curator. Type locality: America.

Bothynus morio LeConte, 1847: 87 . Synonym. Female lectotype (MCZ) “(pink disc=Middle States (Md., Del., N.Y., N.J., Pa., Conn.?, R.I.?) // type 3716 // Ligyrus morio Lec. // gibbosus 19” Type locality: “Provinciis mediis” here designated.

Bothynus obsoletus LeConte, 1847: 87 . Synonym. Male holotype (MCZ) “(blue disc) // type / 3715 // var.? obsoletus / Lec. // gibbosus 12” Type locality: Long`s Peak , Colorado.

Podalgus variolosus Burmeister, 1847: 121 . Synonym. Male lectotype designated by Endrödi (1969: 62) (MLUH) “variolosus / Dej. / Am. Bor. Dp. // Lectotypus / Ligyrus / ( Podalgus / variolosus Burm / Endrody’’ Male paralectotype (MLUH) “ Paratypus / Podalgus / variolosus / Burm” Type locality: North America.

Ligyrus californicus Casey, 1909: 283 . Synonym. Female lectotype (USNM) “Cal. / CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35698 / californicus / Csy” here designated. One male and three female paralectotypes “Cal. / CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35698 / californicus / Csy”. Male and female paralectotypes (USNM) “ S. Bernandino / CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35698 / californicus / Csy”. Male syntype (USNM) “ S. Diego / CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35698 / californicus / Csy”.

Ligyrus spissipes Casey, 1909: 283 . Synonym. Male lectotype (USNM) “Tex // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // NEOTYPE USNM / 35697 // spissipes / Csy” here designated. One male and two female paralectotypes (USNM) “Tex // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35697 // spissipes / Csy”.

Ligyrus longulus Casey, 1915: 193 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “L.I. / CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35677 // Ligyrus / longulus / Csy”.

Ligyrus virginicus Casey, 1915: 193 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “Va. / CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35678 // virginicus / Csy”.

Ligyrus parallelus Casey, 1915: 194 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “Waco, Tex / Mou. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35679 // parallelus / Csy”. Male syntype (USNM) “Waco, Tex / Mou. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35679 // parallelus / Csy”.

Ligyrus remotus Casey, 1915: 194 . Synonym. Female syntype (USNM) “N.J. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35681 // remotus / Csy”. Male syntype (USNM) “N.J. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35681 // remotus / Csy”. Male syntype (USNM) “Atlantic City / N.J. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35681 // remotus / Csy”.

Ligyrus puncticauda Casey, 1915: 195 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “Miss // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35686 // puncticauda / Csy”.

Ligyrus texanus Casey, 1915: 195 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “ Lee Co. / Tex // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35687 // texanus / Csy”. Eight male and three female syntypes (USNM) “Bollas Tex // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35687 // texanus / Csy”.

Ligyrus breviusculus Casey, 1915: 196 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “N.J. / ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35682 // breviusculus / Csy. One male and two female syntypes (USNM) “N.J. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35682 // breviusculus / Csy”.

Ligyrus lacustris Casey, 1915: 196 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “N. I 11 // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35683 // lacustris / Csy”.

Ligyrus laetulus Casey, 1915: 197 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “Tex // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35688 // laetulus / Csy”. Two male and one female syntypes (USNM) “Tex // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // PARATYPE USNM / 35688 // laetulus / Csy”.

Ligyrus laticauda Casey, 1915: 197 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “N.E. / U.S. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35685 // laticauda / Csy ”.

Ligyrus bicorniculatus Casey, 1915: 198 . Synonym. Female syntype (USNM) “Ks. // CASE / beques / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35690 // bicorniculatus / Csy”.

Ligyrus rubidus Casey, 1915: 198 . Synonym. Male holotype (USNM) “Colo / IIII // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35692 // rubidus / Csy.”.

Ligyrus lucublandus Casey, 1915: 199 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “Denver / vi.24.11 Col. / C.A. Frost // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35691 // lucublandus / Csy”.

Ligyrus curtipennis Casey, 1915: 199 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “ N. Mex // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35680 // curtipennis / Csy.”.

Ligyrus effetus Casey, 1915: 200 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “N.M. // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35694 // effetus / Csy.”.

Ligyrus farctus Casey, 1915: 200 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “mex // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35693 // farctus / Csy.”.

Ligyrus arizonensis Casey, 1915: 201 . Synonym. Female syntype (USNM) “Ari. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35696 // arizonensis / Csy.”.

Ligyrus brevipes Casey, 1915: 202 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “Tex // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35684 // brevipes / Csy.”.

Ligyrus laevicauda Casey, 1915: 202 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “N.M. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35689 // laevicauda / Csy.”.

Ligyrus laticollis Casey, 1915: 203 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “TYPE USNM / 35695 // laticollis / Csy”.

Ligyrus scitulus Casey, 1915: 203 . Synonym. Male syntype (USNM) “Cal // ♂ // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE USNM / 35699 // scitulus / Csy.”.

Description. Habitus as in Fig. 26B . Length 10.9–16.8 mm; humeral width 5.7–8.7 mm. Color dark reddish brown. Head: Frons deeply rugopunctate, with large and sparse punctures, nearly smooth on vertex, with only sparse, small punctures. Frontoclypeal region with a complete, straight carina. Ocular canthus acute, with 10 ventral setae. Clypeal surface rugopunctate to transversely rugose, striae denser than those on frons. Clypeus triangular, base 3.5 times wider than apex. Clypeal teeth triangular, separated by 1 tooth diameter. Mandible with 2 apical and 1 lateral, widely rounded tooth, tooth 1 longer and narrower than tooth 2. Maxilla subrectangular; galea with 3 dorsal teeth. Apex of labrum straight. Interocular distance equal to 3.5 times an eye width. Antennal club very long. Pronotum: Surface with large, sparse punctures. Apex with prominent tubercle and rounded, deep fovea. Elytra: First interval punctate, punctures similar in other intervals. Inner surface of apex with small, transverse tubercles forming about 66 parallel lines. Abdomen: Apex of tergite IV with a diagonal line of 10 transverse, parallel, short carinae. Pygidial surface with small to large punctures, denser on base and anterior corners. Surface in lateral view strongly convex in male, flat basally and slightly convex apically in female. Legs: Protibia tridentate; basal tooth slightly distant from others. Protibial surface sparsely punctate. Protarsus of male simple; inner claw simple. Metatibia triangular to slightly contracted at apex. Apex of metatibia entire, with 20–35 spinules. Female genitalia: Subcoxite subrectangular (2 times wider than long). Coxite subrectangular; surface strongly concave. Subcoxite wider and longer than coxite. Male genitalia: Spiculum gastrale thin, apex truncate. Parameres with apical 4th narrowed, without minute spines; lateral ventral teeth short, triangular ( Figs. 15M , 18E ). Internal sac with lamellar spiny belt long (5 times longer than copulatory lamellae); accessory lamella thickened, elongate.

Diagnosis. Ligyrus gibbosus can be recognized by the frontal carina straight, not interrupted (as in L. ruginasus , Fig. 1E ); pronotum with tubercle and a deep, rounded fovea ( Fig. 26B ); protibial surface sparsely punctate; parameres with apical 4th narrowed, without minute spines; lateral teeth of parameres triangular and short ( Figs. 15M , 18E ).

Distribution. Canada, United States, and Mexico ( Ratcliffe & Cave 2017).

Locality records ( Fig. 37 ). 2,592 examined specimens from CERPE, CNIN, FSCA, IEXA, MCZ, MN/UFRJ, MZUSP, UNSM, USNM. Localities from Canada and Mexico, and United States of America counties are listed from Ratcliffe et al. (2013) and Ratcliffe & Cave (2017). CANADA (49). Ontario (48): Aldershot, Burlington; Chatham Laboratory; Delhi; Dunnville; Erieau; Grand Bend; Harrow; Ottawa; Point Pelee; Port Rowan; Ruthven; Toronto; Waterloo. Quebec (1): Sherbrooke. MEXICO (442). Aguascalientes (13): Aguascalientes; Pabellón de Arteaga. Baja California (270): Algodones; Bahía de los Ángeles; Bahía San Luís Gonzaga; Camalú; Colonet; Colonia Guerrero; El Rosario; El Socorro; Ensenada; La Zapotita; Laguna Salada; Meling Rach; Mexicali; Misión Santo Domingo; Santo Tomás; Rancho Agua San Matías; San Felipe; San José del Castillo; San Telmo; Tijuana; Valle de Trinidad. Chihuahua (34): Ahumada; Ciudad Juárez; Matamoros; Ojo de Lucero; Samalayuca; Santa Clara. Coahuila (3): Cuatro Ciénagas; Coyote; Santa Fé; Torreón. Distrito Federal (1): Villa Obregón. Durango (52): Durango; El Salto. Guanajuato (1): Dolores. Morelos (1): Cuernavaca. Nuevo León (1): Linares. San Luís Potosí (11): Matehuala; San Luís Potosí; Santa María del Río. Sinaloa (24): Culiacán; Mazatlán. Sonora (21): Agua Zarca; Bahía Kino; Colla Bay; El Seguro; Guaymas; Navajoa; Puerto Peñasco; Santa Ana; Sonoita. Tamaulipas (5): Tula; Playa Altamira. Zacatecas (2): Calera; Fresnillo. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (16,496). Alabama (385): Autauga; Baldwin; Blount; Chilton; Covington; Dale; Dallas; DeKalb; Elmore; Etowah; Fayette; Greene; Hale; Henry; Houston; Jackson; Jefferson; Lauderdale; Lee; Limestone; Madison; Marion; Mobile; Monroe; Morgan; Randolph; Tallapoosa; Tuscaloosa; Winston. Arizona (857): Apache; Cochise; Coconino; Gila; Graham; La Paz; Maricopa; Mohave; Navajo; Pima; Santa Cruz; Yavapai; Yuma. Arkansas (95): Benton; Boone; Chicot; Crawford; Cross; Franklin; Independence; Johnson; Lee; Mississippi; Monroe; Sevier; St. Francis; Union; Washington. California (2,639): Butte; Contra Costa; Fresno; Humboldt; Imperial; Inyo; Kern; Kings; Los Angeles; Merced; Mono; Monterey; Orange; Plumas; Riverside; Sacramento; San Bernardino; San Diego; Santa Barbara; Shasta; Sonoma; Stanislaus; Trinity; Tuolumne; Ventura; Yolo; Yuba. Colorado (512): Alamosa; Arapahoe; Baca; Boulder; Denver; El Paso; Elbert; Fremont; Jefferson; Larimer; Mesa; Montezuma; Morgan; Otero; Prowers; Pueblo; Saguache; Washington; Weld; Yuma. Connecticut (8): Fairfield; New Haven. Delaware (106): Kent; New Castle; Sussex. District of Columbia (50): Washington. Florida (105): Alachua; Bay; Brevard; Broward; Collier; Dade; Dixie; Duval; Highlands; Liberty; Marion; Monroe; Nassau; Okaloosa; Orange; Palm Beach; Pinellas; Santa Rosa; Sarasota; Union; Volusia. Georgia (734): Baldwin; Bibb; Blakely; Butts; Candler; Catoosa; Chatham; Chattooga; Clarke; Cook; Crawford; Crisp; Dade; Decatur; DeKalb; Dougherty; Floyd; Fulton; Glascock; Hart; Henry; Houston; Jackson; Johnson; Liberty; Lowndes; Madison; Montgomery; Morgan; Muscogee; Newton; Oconee; Peach; Pike; Polk; Putnam; Richmond; Rockdale; Screven; Spalding; Sumter; Talbot; Taylor; Telfair; Thomas; Tift; Toombs; Upson; Walton; Wheeler; Worth. Idaho (484): Ada; Bannock; Benewah; Canyon; Caribou; Elmore; Fremont; Gooding; Idaho; Latah; Minidoka; Nez Perce; Owyhee; Payette; Power; Twin Falls; Valley; Washington. Illinois (470): Adams; Alexander; Calhoun; Champaign; Cook; Franklin; Hancock; Hardin; Iroquois; Jackson; Jefferson; Livingston; Macon; Marshall; Mason; McDonough; Peoria; Pike; Pope; Pulaski; Putnam; Randolph; Saline; St. Clair; Vermilion; Winnebago. Indiana (335): Allen; Bartholomew; Brown; Crawford; Dubois; Greene; Hendricks; Knox; La Porte; Marion; Morgan; Newton; Orange; Parke; Posey; Tippecanoe; Vigo. Iowa (135): Adair; Boone; Bremer; Cherokee; Crawford; Dallas; Decatur; Dickinson; Fremont; Guthrie; Harrison; Henry; Jefferson; Johnson; Lee; Linn; Louisa; Mahaska; Marion; Monona; Monroe; Muscatine; Osceola; Page; Plymouth; Polk; Poweshiek; Scott; Story; Taylor; Van Buren; Wapello; Winnebago; Woodbury. Kansas (432): Atchison; Barber; Chase; Cheyenne; Clay; Crawford; Douglas; Ellis; Finney; Ford; Greeley; Harvey; Jefferson; Jewell; Kearny; Kingman; Kiowa; Labette; Leavenworth; Logan; Morton; Pottawatomie; Reno; Russell; Saline; Scott; Seward; Shawnee; Sumner; Trego; Wichita; Woodson. Kentucky (299): Ballard; Caldwell; Clinton; Fayette; Green; Hardin; Henderson; Jefferson; Kenton; Knox; Lincoln; Nelson; Ohio; Scott; Shelby; Spencer; Warren. Louisiana (208): Avoyelles; Beauregard; Caddo; Clairborne; De Soto; East Feliciana; Evangeline; Franklin; Grant; Iberia; Jefferson; Livingston; Morehouse; Rapides; St; Bernard; St. John the Baptist; St. Landry; St. Mary; St. Tammany; Tangipahoa; Vermilion; Webster. Maine (7): Aroostook; Kennebec; Lincoln; Penobscot; York. Maryland (157): Anne Arundel; Baltimore; Calvert; Caroline; Carroll; Charles; Dorchester; Frederick; Montgomery; Prince George’s; Queen Anne’s; Somerset; St. Mary’s; Washington; Wicomico; Worcester. Massachusetts (15): Barnstable; Dukes; Essex; Hampden; Nantucket; Suffolk. Michigan (301): Allegan; Alpena; Arenac; Barry; Bay; Berrien; Branch; Calhoun; Clinton; Genesee; Green; Ingham; Jackson; Kalamazoo; Kent; Lake; Lenawee; Livingston; Macomb; Midland; Oakland; Oceana; Ottawa; St. Joseph; Van Buren; Washtenaw; Wayne; Wexford. Minnesota (137): Anoka; Clearwater; Hennepin; Houston; Isanti; Olmsted; Ramsey; Sherburne; Wabasha; Winona. Mississippi (138): Adams; Alcorn; Attala; Bolivar; Calhoun; Coahoma; Covington; DeSoto; Franklin; George; Greene; Grenada; Hancock; Harrison; Hinds; Issaquena; Jackson; Jefferson Davis; Jones; Kemper; Lafayette; Lamar; Lauderdale; Leflore; Lincoln; Lowndes; Madison; Marshall; Montgomery; Newton; Oktibbeha; Panola; Pearl River; Perry; Pontotoc; Quitman; Rankin; Sharkey; Simpson; Tallahatchie; Tishomingo; Tunica; Union; Warren; Washington; Wilkinson; Winston; Yalobusha. Missouri (737): Barry; Barton; Bollinger; Boone; Buchanan; Carter; Cass; Clay; Cole; Crawford; Holt; Jackson; Jasper; Jefferson; Lincoln; New Madrid; Pemiscot; Platte; Randolph; Rankin; Reynolds; Saline; Shannon; St. Louis; Stoddard; Vernon; Wayne. Montana (2): Gallatin. Nebraska (630): Antelope; Arthur; Box Butte; Brown; Buffalo; Cherry; Cheyenne; Colfax; Cuming; Custer; Dakota; Dawes; Dixon; Douglas; Dundy; Fillmore; Franklin; Frontier; Furnas; Gage; Grant; Greeley; Hall; Hamilton; Holt; Howard; Jefferson; Johnson; Kearney; Keith; Keya Paha; Kimball; Lancaster; Lincoln; Madison; McPherson; Otoe; Pierce; Red Willow; Richardson; Sarpy; Saunders; Scotts Bluff; Sheridan; Thomas; Wayne; Wheeler; York. Nevada (84): Benton; Clark; Churchill; Esmeralda; Humboldt; Lincoln; Nye; Washoe. New Hampshire (23): Strafford; Rockingham. New Jersey (98): Atlantic; Bergen; Burlington; Camden; Cape May; Cumberland; Mercer; Morris; Ocean; Salem. New Mexico (822): Bernalillo; Catron; Chaves; Curry; Doña Ana; Eddy; Grants; Guadalupe; Hidalgo; Lea; Lincoln; Luna; McKinley; Otero; San Juan; Sierra; Socorro; Taos; Torrance; Valencia. New York (78): Erie; Dutchess; Kings; Nassau; Queens; Dutchess. North Carolina (133): Burke; Carteret; Catawba; Cleveland; Columbus; Craven; Cumberland; Currituck; Dare; Durham; Edgecomb; Granville; Mecklenburg; Moore; Onslow; Person; Polk; Robeson; Stokes; Wake; Watauga; Wayne. North Dakota (44): Burleigh; Cass; Morton; Ransom; Richland. Ohio (82): Adams; Ashtabula; Champaign; Erie; Franklin; Guernsey; Hocking; Jefferson; Licking; Lucas; Ross; Scioto; Warren; Washington; Wayne; Wood. Oklahoma (686): Adair; Alfalfa; Beckham; Bryan; Caddo; Canadian; Cleveland; Comanche; Cotton; Custer; Deleware; Garfield; Greer; Hughes; Latimer; Lincoln; Marietta; Marshall; Mayes; McCurtain; Noble; Oklahoma; Osage; Rogers; Seminole; Texas; Tulsa; Wagoner; Washita; Wayne; Woods; Woodward. Oregon (281): Baker; Benton; Gilliam; Malheur; Morrow; Multnomah; Sherman; Umatilla; Union; Wasco; York. Pennsylvania (45): Allegheny; Berks; Chester; Delaware; Erie; Fulton; Huntingdon; Lancaster; Perry; Philadelphia. Rhode Island (21): Kent; Providence; Washington. South Carolina (202): Aiken; Anderson; Barnwell; Beaufort; Charleston; Chester; Clarendon; Edgefield; Florence; Hampton; Horry; Kershaw; Lexington; Marion; Newberry; Ocean; Oconee; Pickens; Richland; Sumter. South Dakota (722): Aurora; Beadle; Bennett; Bon Homme; Brookings; Brown; Brule; Clay; Codington; Davison; Fall River; Grant; Gregory; Haakon; Hughes; Hyde; Jackson; Jones; Lincoln; Marshall; Oglala; Pennington; Shannon, Stanley; Tripp; Union. Tennessee (70): Blount; Clay; Davidson; Dyer; Hardeman; Haywood; Henderson; Knox; Madison; Morgan; Rhea; Roane; Sevier; Shelby; Stewart; Warren. Texas (1,352): Anderson; Andrews; Atascosa; Bailey; Bastrop; Bexar; Bosque; Bowie; Brazos; Brewster; Brooks; Burnet; Cameron; Carson; Cass; Castro; Cherokee; Childress; Collingsworth; Comanche; Cooke; Crane; Crosby; Culberson; Dallam; Dallas; Deaf Smith; Denton; Dickens; Dimmit; Duval; Eastland; El Paso Erath; Frio; Galveston; Garza; Gillespie; Goliad; Gonzales; Gray; Hansford; Harris; Harrison; Hemphill; Hidalgo; Hopkins; Howard; Jasper; Jeff Davis; Jim Wells; Johnson; Karnes; Kaufman; Kenedy; Kleberg; Leon; Live Oak; Llano; Lubbock; Martin; Mason; Maverick; McMullen; Medina; Midland; Montgomery; Nacogdoches; Nueces; Ochiltree; Odessa; Panola; Parker; Parmer; Pecos; Potter; Presidio; Randall; Red River; Reeves; Rusk; San Patricio; Shelby; Smith; Tarrant; Trinity; Upton; Uvalde; Van Zandt; Victoria; Waco; Ward; Wheeler; Wichita; Wilbarger; Williamson; Winkler; Wood; Yoakum. Utah (533): Bannock; Clark; Emery; Garfield; Grand; Iron; Juab; Kane; Lincoln; Millard; Salt Lake; San Juan; Tooele; Washington; Wayne; Weber. Virginia (256): Accomack; Amelia; Arlington; Bedford; Campbell; Caroline; Charles City; Charlotte; Chesterfield; Dinwiddie; Essex; Fairfax; Fall Church; Fauquier; Fredericksburg; Goochland; Greensville; Halifax; Isle of Wight; James City; Lancaster; Lee; Mecklenburg; Nelson; New Kent; Norfolk; North Hampton; Northumberland; Orange; Pittsylvania; Prince Edward; Richmond; Suffolk; Virginia Beach; York. Washington (750): Adams; Asotin; Benton; Chelan; Columbia; Douglas; Ferry; Franklin; Garfield; Grant; Kittitas; Klickatat; Okanogan; Walla Walla; Whitman; Yakima. West Virginia (106): Berkeley; Clay; Grant; Hampshire; Jefferson; Mason; Mineral; Morgan; Randolph. Wisconsin (75): Columbia; Dane; Grant; Green; Green Lake; Jackson; Jefferson; La Crosse; Marquette; Milwaukee; Monroe; Richland; Sauk; Waushara; Wood. Wyoming (5): Platte.

Natural history. Some examined specimens were collected in roots of Xanthium saccharatum Wallr. & Widder. (Asteraceae) in the state of New Mexico, and several in tunnels and mounds formed by pocket gophers ( Geomys Rafinesque ; Mammalia: Geomyidae ) in Arkansas and Illinois. It is a species of economic concern known as carrot beetle that can affect different crops, such as the carrot, celery, potato ( Ritcher 1958), and sunflower ( Bottrell et al. 1973). They can be also found feeding on roots of Asteraceae such as Amaranthus ( Davis 1916) , Ambrosia L., Xanthium strumarium L., and Zinnia L. ( Ratcliffe & Cave 2017). Its larval stages were described by Ritcher (1966). The life cycle is one year, the adults appear above ground in fall and reenter the soil to pass winter, waiting to put eggs until next spring ( Davis 1916).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus.

FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture.

FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus.

FIGURE 18. Parameres in lateral view.A) L. (Ligyrus.) allonasutus, B) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, C) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, D) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, E) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, I) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, J) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, K) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus.

FIGURE 26. Habitus of the species of Ligyrus. Subgenus Ligyrus: A) Ligyrus fossor, B) L. gibbosus, C) L. nasutus, D) L. neglectus, E) L. paranaensis, F) L. peninsularis, G) L. rubripes, H) L. ruginasus, I) L. villosus. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIGURE 37. Distributional records of Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor and L. neglectus.

FIGURE 38. Distributional records of Ligyrus (Ligyrus) gibbosus.