Berndtia purpurea Utinomi, 1950b

Chan, Benny K. K., Kolbasov, Gregory A., Hirose, Mamiko, Mezaki, T. & Suwa, R., 2014, Biodiversity and biogeography of the coral boring barnacles of the genus Berndtia (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) in the West Pacific, with description of three new species, Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (25 - 26), pp. 1503-1541 : 1522-1529

Berndtia purpurea Utinomi, 1950b

( Figures 2C , 3C–F , 13–17 , 22C , 23C )

Berndtia purpurea Utinomi 1950b ; a: 87, Figures 1–2 , in part. Utinomi 1957: 1, Figures 2–10 , pls I-II, in part. Tomlinson, 1969: 79, Figure 19 . Kolbasov, 2009: 287, fig 90.

Materials examined

Syntype specimen. No. 57 Seto Marine Laboratory Collection (see Figure 13 ). CEL- Acro 123, 10 specimens, bored in the coral Lepastrea purpurea, He Ping Island, NE coast, Taiwan, 19 May 2010, depth 10 m. CEL-Acro-OK6, three specimens, bored in the coral Lepastrea purpurea, Zanpa , Okinawa, Japan 31 May 2010, depth 10m. CEL-Acro-OK7, seven specimens, same data as CEL-Acro-OK6. CEL-Acro-JAcro9, 10 specimens, bored in the coral Lepastrea purpurea, Tanabe Bay , Wakayama, Japan, 1 Aug 2010. CEL- Acro-HK01, 10 specimens, bored in coral Lepastrea purpurea , Nov , 2011 .

Diagnosis

Female. Operculum wide, oval shaped, composed of a pair of opercular bars. When alive, outer surfaces of the opercular bars have three paired blue-coloured stripshaped areas (three on each bar), distributed at the two ends and the middle portion. The remaining parts of the outer surface of the opercular bar are black in colour. Outer surfaces of the opercular bars with dense, numerous spherical nodules, without setae, lateral margins with simple and bifid teeth. The posterior lobes of operculum not protruded, their posterior margins straight. External surface of mantle sac with simple, bifid and trifid teeth. Thorax with two small conical processes on ventral side. Bore in the coral Lepastrea purpurea .

Description (based on our own material collected from the type locality and type specimen)

Female. Burrow opening oval shaped, well fitted with the operculum shape ( Figure 3C–F ). Operculum wide oval shaped, with a pair of massive opercular bars, separated by a straight occludent slit ( Figures 3D, E , 14A ). When alive, each opercular bar with three blue-coloured strip-shaped areas, located symmetrically at the anterior and posterior ends and the middle region, and separated by two black strips ( Figure 3D, E ). A pair of small red spots located at the lower (anterior) black strips, near the occludent margin of the opercular bars ( Figures 3D, E , 13C ). During feeding, the operculum can protrude slightly out of the burrow with the opercular bars opened and the terminal cirri extending outside ( Figure 3F ). Outer surface of the opercular bars concaved, anterior and posterior ends distinctly separated from the rest of mantle sac ( Figures 2C , 13B, C , 14A, J ). The comb collar comprises villous setiform protrusions, extending towards the posterior region and terminating at the posterior opercular lobe (‘orificial velum’ in Hiro 1950a; Figure 14A–C, K ). Posterior lobe of operculum not protruded, posterior margin straight and terminates into bundles of simple setae ( Figures 13D , 14B, J, K , 15A ). Lateral margins of the opercular bars with simple or bifid teeth ( Figure 14D ). Outer surface of opercular bars with numerous small spherical nodules, without setae ( Figure 14E, F ). The occludent margins of the opercular bars bear numerous simple setae ( Figure 14F ). The lateral surface of the operculum area scattered with numerous small simple and bifid teeth, rows of dense multifid scales and simple setae ( Figure 14G, I ). Mantle sac yellowish and with sparsely distributed simple, bifid or trifid teeth on the surface and rare ctenoid multifid scales ( Figure 14H, I, L ). Orificial knob and lateral bars absent. Mouth cirri (I) with short rami, rami length about one-quarter total length of cirrus ( Figures 15C , 16A , 17A–D ). Inner (anterior) ramus six-segmented, outer (posterior) ramus five-segmented ( Figures 15C , 16A , 17A–D ). Both rami with setulated setae ( Figure 17B, D, E ). Labrum saddle-shaped, bullate, with convex upper edge armed with developed dorsal process, anterior edge horseshoe-shaped, smooth ( Figure 16A, B ), a few simple setae sit on upper lateral surface and dorsal process ( Figure 16A ). Distal part of mandibular palp trapezoid, with dense simple setae and setae with tiny sparse setules on tip and sparse simple setae on both anterior and posterior margins ( Figures 15E , 16C, D ). Mandible with three teeth excluding the inferior angle, the first upper tooth far separated from the remainder, second and third teeth short, lower margin with two small denticles and inferior angle ending in four large denticles ( Figures 15F , 16E ). Maxillule single notched ( Figures 15G , 16F ), notch concave, about one-fifth of the cutting margin, two large cuspidate and one shorter setae above notch and more than 12 sharp setae at the cutting margin below notch, lateral surfaces with dense serrate setae. Maxilla sub-triangular with dense simple setae on outer margin and tip ( Figures 15H , 16G, H ).

sac; (I) large single teeth on mantle sac and massive multifid scales; (J) lateral view of upper half of mantle sac; (K) lateral view of posterior part of opercular area, showing small posterior lobe, note the straight posterior margin of posterior lobe; (L) surface of mantle sac showing feeble multifid scales and mantle teeth. Abbreviations: cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bars, pl – posterior lobe. Scale bars in μm.

Thorax with two small conical processes on ventral side ( Figure 17F ). Terminal cirri five pairs, first pair shortest ( Figure 17F ). Annuli of terminal cirri with single distal serrate seta on posterior margin and paired long distal and small middle setae with fine setules on anterior margin ( Figures 15D , 17G, H ).

Dwarf males

Dwarf males were found on the mantle sac of the female and on wall of burrow ( Figure 2C , 3C ). Males elongated, tadpole shaped, and with a small terminal ampulla on long stalk at the posterior end. Some opaque reddish purple granules were found at the middle of the elongated body, believed to be remnants of the cypris eyes, attachment of cypris antennules without stalk ( Figure 22C ).

Habitat

Bore in the coral Lepastrea purpurea and one specimen boring in Montipora coral in the present study.

Distribution

Taiwan, Japan: Okinawa, Kochi and Wakayama .

Remarks

Utinomi (1950b), published a book chapter in Japanese on 1 April 1950 (see Poore, 2013), and identified Berndtia purpurea from Wakayama, Japan and erected a new subfamily, new genus and species to accommodate it. Utinomi (1950a) published a paper in English on 25 July 1950, describing Berndtia purpurea from both Lepastrea and Psammocora corals; he believed the specimens in these two types of corals were the same species. Utinomi (1957) stated the type specimens of Berndtia purpurea to be in the collection of the Seto Marine Laboratory, Wakayama, Japan, but did not mention the coral host of the types ( Figure 13A ). In the present study, we examined the type specimen of Berndtia purpurea in Wakayama but the information of the type indicated the type and syntypes were collected from both Lepastrea and Psammocora corals ( Figure 13A ). There exists no information regarding the coral host of the type on the specimen label. When examining the external morphology of the type specimen, we found that the posterior lobe of the operculum of the type had a straight posterior margin which fits the morphology of our specimens collected from Lepastrea purpurea from the type locality (Wakayama; Figure 13 ). We therefore, conclude the type specimens of Berndtia purpurea was collected from the coral Lepastrea purpurea but not Psammocora profundacella .

Figures

Figure 1. Map showing the sampling points in the Indo-Pacific region and the presence of studied Berndtia species. Red circle – Berndtia denticulata, purple circle – Berndtia haradai, green circle – Berndtia utinomii, blue circle – Berndtia purpurea, yellow circle – Berndtia nodosa, brown circle – Berndtia fossata.

Figure 2. General (lateral) view of Berndtia species observed from stereomicroscope, females. (A) Berndtia denticulata; (B) Berndtia haradai; (C) Berndtia purpurea, dwarf males on lateral region of mantle sac of female indicated by arrows; (D) Berndtia utinomii.

Figure 3. Natural colouration of living species of Berndtia, females. (A, B) Berndtia denticulata, colour pattern of opercular bars; (C) Berndtia purpurea, lateral view of burrow showing burrow shape with attached dwarf males and whole female (note the female was removed from the burrow); (D) B. purpurea, group of four live individuals in coral Lepastrea purpurea; (E) B. purpurea, magnified view showing colour pattern of opercular bars; (F) B. purpurea, live individual extending cirri fan for feeding; (G,H) Berndtia utinomii, magnified view showing colour pattern of opercular bars; (I) Berndtia haradai, magnified view showing colour pattern of opercular bars.

Figure 4. Berndtia denticulata sp. nov. Scanning electron microscopy of mantle sac structures, female. (A) Opercular area, upper-lateral view; (B) small posterior lobe (pl) of operculum; (C) simple, bifid and trifid teeth on lateral margin of opercular bar; (D) large rosette nodules on outer surface of opercular bar; (E) teeth (bifid, trifid and quadrifid) on posterior region of operculum; (F) protrusions of comb collar; (G) occludent margin of the opercular bar (ob) with comb collar (cc); (H) lateral view of opercular area; (I) simple and bifid sharp teeth on lateral margin of opercular bar; (J) multifid scales (ms) and small setae along occludent margin of opercular bar; (K) quadrifid teeth on mantle sac; (L) pentafid teeth and feeble multifid scales on mantle sac; (M) small posterior lobe of operculum, lateral view. Abbreviations: cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bar, pl – posterior lobe, ms – multifid scales. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 5. Berndtia denticulata sp. nov. Light microscopy of opercular area, mouth parts and thorax, female. (A) Opercular area with posterior end of opercular bar and small posterior lobe (pl); (B) Teeth on the lateral margin of opercular bar; (C) Teeth of mantle sac; (D) Mouth cirrus; (E) Lateral view of labrum; (F) Mandible; (G) Maxillule; (H) Maxilla; (I) Thorax showing two ventral conical processes. Abbreviations: ar – anterior ramus, ba – basis, cc – comb collar, co – coxa, cp – ventral conical processes of thorax, dp – dorsal process of labrum, ob – opercular bars, pr – posterior ramus, pl – posterior lobe. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 6. Berndtia denticulata sp. nov., female. Scanning electron microscopy of mouth parts. (A) Oral cone, lateral view (note the sharp and setose dorsal projection of labrum (dp)); (B) labrum, anterior view; (C) mandibular palp; (D) serrate setae on tip of mandibular palp; (E) mandible; (F) maxillule; (G) smaller lower notch (indicated by arrow) on cutting edge of maxillule; (H) tip of maxilla. Abbreviations: dp – dorsal process of labrum, la – labrum, mc – mouth cirri mp – mandibular palp. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 7. Berndtia denticulata sp. nov., female. Scanning electron microscopy of mouth cirri, thorax and terminal cirri. (A, B) Lateral view of mouth cirrus, outer side; (C) lateral view of mouth cirrus, inner side; (D) Serrate setae on inner side of anterior and posterior rami of mouth cirrus; (E) thorax showing two blunt conical processes and terminal cirri; (F) medial annuli of terminal cirrus V; (G) serrate seta on posterior margin of terminal cirrus V; (H) serrate setae on anterior margin of terminal cirrus V. Abbreviations: ar – anterior ramus, ba – basis, co – coxa, cp – ventral conical processes of thorax, pr – posterior ramus. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 8. Berndtia nodosa Tomlinson, 1967 (paratype). Scanning electron microscopy of mantle sac structures, female. (A) Opercular area, lateral view; (B) outer surface of opercular bar, showing nodules and single and bifid teeth on lateral margin; (C) magnified view of nodules; (D) posterior part of opercular area; (E, G) bifid and quadrifid teeth on mantle sac; (H) single pointed teeth on lateral side of opercular area; (I) Opercular bars, upper view; (J) outer surface of opercular bar showing nodules; (K) Enlarged nodule of opercular bar; (L) single pointed teeth on lateral margin of opercular bar. Abbreviations: cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bars, pl – posterior lobes of operculum. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 9. Berndtia haradai sp. nov., female Scanning electron microscopy of mantle sac structures. (A) Opercular area, upper-lateral view; (B) fine globular nodules on outer surface of opercular bar; (C, D) trifid teeth on lateral margin of opercular bars; (E, F) posterior lobes of operculum (pl); (G) protrusions of comb collar along occludent margin; (H) comb collar; (I) cuticle of mantle sac, posterior margin, middle portion; (J) simple teeth and rows of massive multifid scales on posterior region of operculum; (K) lateral view of opercular area; (L) comb collar and posterior lobes of operculum; (M) trifid tooth on mantle sac surface; (N) bifid tooth on mantle sac surface. Abbreviations: cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bars, pl – posterior lobe. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 10. Berndtia haradai sp. nov., female. Light microscopy of opercular area and mouth parts. (A) lateral view of posterior part of opercular bar with comb collar and posterior lobe of operculum; (B) mouth cirrus; (C) dorsal part of labrum with dorsal process and tip of mandibular palp; (D) anterior part of labrum and mandibular palp; (E) mandible; (F) lower half of mandible; (G) maxillule showing double notches; (H) tip of maxilla. Abbreviations: ar – anterior ramus, ba – basis, cc – comb collar, co – coxa, dp – dorsal process of labrum, mdp – mandibular palp, ob – opercular bar, pr – posterior ramus, pl – posterior lobe. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 13. Berndtia purpurea (type specimen, Seto Marine Laboratory No. 39). (A) Label of type of B. purpurea in Seto Marine Laboratory, showing type and syntypes were collected from both Lepastrea and Psammocora corals; (B) lateral view of female; (C) drawing of lateral view of female and opercular bars in Hiro, 1939; (D) magnified view of posterior lobe of operculum (from rectangle area in ‘B’), showing straight posterior margin. Abbreviations: cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bar, pl – posterior lobe of operculum, pm – posterior margin of posterior lobe.

Figure 14. Berndtia purpurea. Scanning electron microscopy of mantle sac structures, female. (A) Opercular area, upper view; (B) small posterior lobe and comb collar; (C) protrusions of comb collar; (D) lateral margin of the opercular bar showing truncated teeth and multifid scales; (E) outer surface of opercular bar showing rounded nodules; (F) occludent margins of opercular bars showing teeth and simple setae; (G) lateral region of opercular area, showing setae, simple teeth and massive multifid scales; (H) multifid scales on lateral surface of mantle

Figure 15. Berndtia purpurea. Light microscopy of opercular area, mouth parts and cirri. A. Posterior lobes of operculum, note straight posterior margin (upper). B. Posterior end of opercular bar. C. Mouth cirrus. D. Intermediate annuli of anterior ramus of terminal cirrus II. E. Distal end of mandibular palp. F. Mandible. G. Maxillule. H. Maxillae. Abbreviations: ar – anterior ramus, ba – basis, cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bar, pl – posterior lobe, pr – posterior ramus. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 16. Berndtia purpurea. Scanning electron microscopy of mouth parts. (A) Oral cone, lateral view, note dorsal process (dp) of labrum; (B) labrum, anterior view; (C) distal end of mandibular palp; D. Simple and serrate setae of mandibular palp. E. Mandible. F. Maxillule. G. Maxillae, inner surface. H. Serrate setae of maxilla. Abbreviations: dp – dorsal process of labrum, la – labrum, mc – mouth cirri, mp – mandibular palp. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 17. Berndtia purpurea. Scanning electron microscopy of cirri. (A) Mouth cirrus, lateral view; (B) serrate and thin setae on basis and outer (posterior) ramus of mouth cirrus; (C) mouth cirrus, lateral view; (D) magnified view of inner (anterior) and outer (posterior) rami of mouth cirrus; (E) serrate setae of anterior ramus of mouth cirrus; (F) thorax with cluster of terminal cirri; (G) magnified view of distal annuli of terminal cirri III and IV. H. Intermediate annuli of anterior ramus of cirrus VI. Abbreviations: ar – anterior ramus, cp – conical processes of thorax, pr – posterior ramus. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 19. Berndtia utinomii sp. nov. Light microscopy of opercular area and mouth parts, female. (A) Posterior part of opercular area, lateral view; (B) posterior part of opercular area, posterior view, opercular bars moved apart; (C, D) teeth and setae on lateral margin of opercular bars; (E) mouth cirrus; (F) mandible; (G) Maxillule; (H) maxillae. Abbreviations: ar – anterior ramus, ba – basis, cc – comb collar, co – coxa, ob – opercular bars, pr – posterior ramus, pl – posterior lobe. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 22. Light microscopy of dwarf males of Berndtia, lateral view. (A) B. denticulata; (B) B. haradai; (C) Berndtia purpurea; (D) B. utinomii. Abbreviations: cya – cyprids antennules, cyc – remnants cyprids carapace, ta – terminal ampula. Scale bars in μm.

Figure 23. Line drawing showing comparisons of key diagnostic features of posterior lobes (A, D) and maxillule (E, H) of studied Berndtia species; (A, E) Berndtia denticulata sp. nov.; (B, F) Berndtia haradai sp. nov.; (C, G) Berndtia purpurea; (D, H) Berndtia utinomii sp. nov.