Sclerolobieae Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 1: 436. 1865.
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https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716 |
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https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7C3D9AC-0ADB-1863-F80A-37BA14590F48 |
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scientific name |
Sclerolobieae Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 1: 436. 1865. |
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Tribe Sclerolobieae Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 1: 436. 1865.
Figs 78 View Figure 78 , 79 View Figure 79 , 80 View Figure 80 , 81 View Figure 81 , 82 View Figure 82 , 83 View Figure 83 , 84 View Figure 84 , 85 View Figure 85 , 86 View Figure 86
Tachigalieae Nakai, Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Tr. Nov.]: 252. 1943. Type: Tachigali Aubl.
Type.
Sclerolobium Vogel [= Tachigali Aubl.]
Included genera
(5). Arapatiella Rizzini & A. Mattos (2 species), Diptychandra Tul. (2), Jacqueshuberia Ducke (7), Moldenhawera Schrad. (12), Tachigali Aubl. (80-90).
Description.
Trees or shrubs, unarmed. Stipules present, persistent or caducous. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, usually paripinnate, rarely imparipinnate; myrmecophilous domatia present or absent; leaflets opposite; extrafloral nectaries absent. Inflorescences terminal or lateral racemes or panicles. Flowers bisexual, bilaterally or radially symmetrical; hypanthium cupular or cylindrical; sepals 5, free or rarely connate at base; petals 5, free, equal or the dorsal, standard petal differentiated; stamens often 10 (18), rarely only one stamen and 7 or 9 staminodes, free or connate, monomorphic or dimorphic, anthers longitudinally dehiscent, rarely opening through pores; pollen in monads, rarely in tetrads or associated with viscin threads, the exine scabrate-punctate to reticulate; ovary sessile or stipitate; nectary disk absent. Fruit dehiscent along both sutures or indehiscent with flaking exocarp. Seeds ellipsoid to obovoid, laterally compressed or complanate, sometimes winged, seed coat hard or soft, endosperm scarce.
Distribution.
Mostly Neotropical, extending from Central to South America, in tropical rainforests, tropical cloud forests, seasonally dry forests, and fire-prone savannas.
Clade-based definition.
The most inclusive crown clade containing Moldenhawera floribunda Schrad. and Tachigali guianensis (Benth.) Zarucchi & Herend., but not Caesalpinia brasiliensis L., Dimorphandra conjugata (Splitg.) Sandwith or Mimosa sensitiva L. (Fig. 78 View Figure 78 ).
Notes.
Although the generic name Sclerolobium is currently treated under Tachigali , the tribe name Sclerolobieae ( Bentham 1865) has priority over Tachigalieae ( Nakai 1943). Tribe Sclerolobieae , as herein circumscribed based on phylogenomic analyses ( Ringelberg et al. 2022), includes five genera (Fig. 78 View Figure 78 ), most of which were never closely associated with each other in traditional classifications of Caesalpinioideae ( Polhill and Vidal 1981; Polhill 1994; Lewis 2005b; Ulibarri 2008). For example, Polhill and Vidal (1981) treated Tachigali and Diptychandra as part of the Sclerolobium group of the old sense tribe Caesalpinieae , whereas Arapatiella , Jacqueshuberia , and Moldenhawera were classified together with ten other Caesalpinioideae genera in the Peltophorum group of the same tribe.
Not only have the relationships amongst Sclerolobieae genera now been strongly resolved for almost all nodes (Fig. 78 View Figure 78 ), but also their monophyly is strongly supported by morphological characters and more densely sampled phylogenies based on a few plastid and nuclear loci ( Haston et al. 2003, 2005; Bruneau et al. 2008; Chomicki et al. 2015; Huamantupa-Chuquimaco 2020). The tribe is not defined by obvious synapomorphies, although there is a tendency for the occurrence of unusually divided or foliaceous stipules (except for Diptychandra ). The genera are distinct in leaf morphology (pinnate or bipinnate leaves) (Fig. 79 View Figure 79 ), floral symmetry (radial or bilateral), pollination syndrome (bees or birds), pollen presentation (monads or tetrads), fruit morphology, seed morphology (winged or non-winged), and dispersal syndrome (autochory, hydrochory, or anemochory). The high morphological variation found within Sclerolobieae in terms of floral architecture (Fig. 80 View Figure 80 ) and fruit type (Fig. 81 View Figure 81 ) may explain why its constituent genera have long remained unnoticed as belonging to the same natural group. For example, Tachigali and Diptychandra have similarly small flowers, which are mostly radially symmetrical, but ontogenetically the apparently morphologically homogeneous flowers of Tachigali display considerable variation ( Casanova et al. 2020) and are quite different from those of Diptychandra . Many Tachigali species also possess bilaterally symmetrical flowers, with a curved hypanthium similar to the much bigger flowers of Arapatiella and Jacqueshuberia . The Moldenhawera flowers are striking in their more or less radially symmetrical Malpighiaceae -like architecture, where the often-yellow petals are marginally crimped and long-clawed, and the cluster of staminodes are much smaller than the single bearded fertile stamen and resemble the oil glands (elaiophores) typical of the Malpighiaceae flowers ( Queiroz et al. 2023). The fruits are wind-dispersed, compressed cryptosamaras in Tachigali , whereas all other genera in the tribe have elastically dehiscent, laterally compressed pods. Within Sclerolobieae there is also a high degree of variation in pollen ( Graham and Barker 1981; Banks et al. 2003; Banks and Lewis 2018), which can be colporate, in monads or tetrads, and with scabrate-punctate to reticulate ornamentation; pollen connecting viscin threads are present in Arapatiella and Jacqueshuberia . Faria et al. (2022) report nodulation with a fixation thread type of nodule anatomy in at least one species each of Moldenhawera , Tachigali , Jacqueshuberia , and a confirmed absence of nodulation in Arapatiella (unknown in Diptychandra ).
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