LAMPROPELTINI, Dowling, 1975
publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.1206/3926.1 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4588553 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB7487A6-FFEA-BD57-FEB9-FF6A2AE8F947 |
treatment provided by |
Felipe (2021-02-26 17:50:01, last updated 2023-11-02 13:23:56) |
scientific name |
LAMPROPELTINI |
status |
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COMPARISONS WITHIN LAMPROPELTINI AND OTHER COLUBRIDS
Representatives of nearly all genera of the Lampropeltini have been karyotyped, including Arizona , Bogertophis , Cemophora , Lampropeltis , Pantherophis , and Pituophis . This clade diverged from other Colubrids about 24.5 mybp (million years before the present; Pyron and Burbrink, 2009; note that dates for nodes within phylogenies are estimates). Nearly all these snakes share a basic karyotype extremely similar to that of Lampropeltis triangulum ( fig. 1C View FIGURE 1 ), but with variation in centromere position on one or a few of the smaller macrochromosomes. The similarities include the following details: diploid chromosome number; number of macro-and microchromosomes; and relative sizes and centromere positions on nearly all the macro-chromosomes, including chromosome 6 being telocentric. This condition is shared by a great number of species of colubroids from around the world that have been karyotyped, with minor variation (e.g., see karyotypes in Kobel, 1967; Becak and Becak, 1969; Bianchi et al., 1969; Bury et al., 1970; Dutt, 1970; Itoh et al., 1970; Baker et al., 1972; Singh, 1972, 1974; Ivanov, 1975; Hardy, 1976; Van Devender and Cole, 1977; De Smet, 1978; Mengden and Stock, 1980; Cole and Hardy, 1981; Gutiérrez et al., 1984; Yang et al., 1986; Moreno et al., 1987; Tan et al., 1987; Wei et al., 1992; Aprea et al., 2003; Matsubara et al., 2006; Mezzasalma et al., 2014). Neverthe-less, some species have strikingly different karyotypes (e.g., Bogertophis subocularis ; see Baker et al., 1971). Even so, the basic shared karyotype occurs in the species representing the ancestral form (see below), most of the recently derived forms, and the vast majority of the species. In the phylogeny of the Lampropeltini ( Pyron and Burbrink, 2009; Pyron et al., 2013), the ancestor of Arizona and Rhinocheilus apparently split off prior to the common ancestor of Cemophora and Lampropeltis , so it appears as if the shift in centromere position on chromosome 6 and apparent loss of a pair of chromosomes in Cemophora occurred after the clade to Cemophora diverged. In fact, Kobel (1967) and Aprea et al. (2003) reported that the basic karyotype of the Lampropeltini occurs in the European Coronella austriaca , including the detail of chromosome 6 being telocentric. This species was used as the outgroup by Pyron and Burbrink (2009), which, if correct, extends existence of the same ancestral karyotype back to approximately 24 mybp or more.
Looking further back throughout the phylogeny of Colubroidea to the common ancestor with the Viperidae and Pareatidae , to more than approximately 75 mybp ( Pyron and Burbrink, 2012), the majority of the known karyotypes remain similar again, although with some differences in centromere positions on chromosomes 5–8 and more frequent divergence from having 20 microchromosomes (e.g., Yang et al., 1989 and other references above). Nevertheless, Ota (1999) found in Pareas iwasakii (representing the related family Pareatidae ) the same basic karyotype as occurs in Lampropeltis triangulum , and it was also found in 41 out of 43 species of the Viperidae , representing diverse genera from several continents (see literature review by Cole, 1990). The same basic karyotype was also found in Homalopsis buccata by Pinthong et al. (2013). Deviations from this ancestral karyotype, as in Oxybelis aeneus reported here and in North American natricines ( Baker et al., 1972; Eberle, 1972) appear to be recent modifications on a few specific clades.
Aprea, G., G. Odierna, F. Andreone, F. Glaw, and M. Vences. 2003. Unusual karyotype in the Malagasy colubrid snake Mimophis mahfalensis. Amphibia-Reptilia 24: 215 - 219.
Baker, R. J., J. J. Bull, and G. A. Mengden. 1971. Chromosomes of Elaphe subocularis (Reptilia: Serpentes), with the description of an in vivo technique for preparation of snake chromosomes. Experientia 27: 1228 - 1229.
Baker, R. J., G. A. Mengden, and J. J. Bull. 1972. Karyotypic studies of 38 species of North American snakes. Copeia 1972: 257 - 265.
Becak, W., and M. L. Becak. 1969. Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in Serpentes. Cytogenetics 8: 247 - 262.
Bianchi, N. O., W. Becak, M. S. A. de Bianchi, M. L. Becak, and M. N. Rabello. 1969. Chromosome replication in four species of snakes. Chromosoma 26: 188 - 200.
Bury, R. B., F. Gress, and G. C. Gorman. 1970. Karyotypic survey of some colubrid snakes from western North America. Herpetologica 26: 461 - 466.
Cole, C. J., and L. M. Hardy. 1981. Systematics of North American colubrid snakes related to Tantilla planiceps (Blainville). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 171 (3): 199 - 284.
Cole, C. J. 1990. Chromosomes of Agkistrodon and other viperid snakes. In H. K. Gloyd and R. Conant, Snakes of the Agkistrodon complex: a monographic review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contribution in Herpetology 6: 533 - 538.
De Smet, W. H. O. 1978. The chromosomes of 23 species of snakes. Acta Zoologica Pathologica Antverpiensia 70: 85 - 118.
Dutt, K. 1970. Chromosome variation in two populations of Xenochrophis piscator Schn. from north and south India (Serpentes, Colubridae). Cytologia 35: 455 - 464.
Eberle, W. G. 1972. Comparative chromosomal morphology of the New World natricine snake genera Natrix and Regina. Herpetologica 28: 98 - 105.
Gutierrez, J. M., A. Solorzano, and L. Cerdas. 1984. Estudios cariologicos de cinco especies de serpientes costarricenses de la familia Colubridae. Revista de Biologia Tropical 32: 263 - 267.
Hardy, L. M. 1976. The chromosomes of a rare Mexican colubrid snake. Copeia 1976: 189 - 191.
Itoh, I., M. Sasaki, and S. Makino. 1970. The chromosomes of some Japanese snakes, with special regard to sexual dimorphism. Japanese Journal of Genetics 45: 121 - 128.
Ivanov, V. G. 1975. A description of the karyotype and peculiarities of heteromorphism in the sex chromosomes of Elaphe dione Pall (Serpentes, Colubridae). Tsitologiia 17: 993 - 996.
Kobel, H. R. 1967. Morphometrische karyotypanalyse eineger Schlangen-arten. Genetica 8: 1 - 31.
Matsubara, K., et al. 2006. Evidence for different origin of sex chromosomes in snakes, birds, and mammals and step-wise differentiation of snake sex chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 18190 - 18195.
Mengden, G. A., and A. D. Stock. 1980. Chromosomal evolution in serpents: a comparison of G and C chromosome patterns of some colubrid and boid genera. Chromosoma 79: 53 - 64.
Mezzasalma, M., et al. 2014. Chromosome evolution in pseudoxyrhophiine snakes from Madagascar: a wide range of karyotypic variability. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 112: 450 - 460.
Moreno, R., J. Navarro, P. Iturra, and A. Veloso. 1987. The karyotype of Philodryas chamissonis (Colubridae): identification of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) and sex chromosomes by banding methods. Brazilian Journal of Genetics 10: 497 - 506.
Ota, H. 1999. Karyotype of Pareas iwasakii: the first chromosomal description of a pareatine snake (Colubridae). Japanese Journal of Herpetology 18: 16 - 18.
Pinthong, K., et al. 2013. First cytogenetic study of puff-faced water snake, Homalopsis buccata (Squamata, Colubridae) by conventional staining, Ag-NOR banding and GTG-banding techniques. Cytologia 78: 141 - 150.
Pyron, R. A., and F. T. Burbrink. 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 524 - 529.
Pyron, R. A., and F. T. Burbrink. 2012. Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity. Evolution 66: 163 - 178.
Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 2013 13: 93.
Singh, L. 1972. Evolution of karyotypes in snakes. Chromosoma, 38: 185 - 236.
Singh, L. 1974. Chromosomes of six species of Indian snakes. Herpetologica 30: 419 - 429.
Tan, A., E. Zhao, and G. Wu. 1987. The karyotype of Entechinus major. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 6: 49 - 51.
Van Devender, R. W., and C. J. Cole. 1977. Notes on a colubrid snake, Tantilla vermiformis, from Central America. American Museum Novitates 2625: 1 - 12.
Wei, G., N. Xu, J. Wang, and D. Li. 1992. Karyotype, C-band and Ag-NORs of Elaphe mandarina. Snake 24: 151 - 155.
Yang, Y., M. Huand, Y. Qu, and X. Xie. 1986. A comparative study on the karyotypes of four species in Colubrinae. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 5: 30 - 33.
Yang, Y., F. Zhang, and E. Zhao. 1989. Karyotypic analyses of four species in four genera of colubrid snakes. Chinese Herpetological Research 2: 46 - 54.
FIGURE 1. Snake chromosomes. A. Karyotype of Cemophora coccinea (2n = 34, with 16 macrochromosomes and 18 microchromosomes), AMNH R-107321, male, with homomorphic sex chromosomes, ZZ. B. Heteromorphic pair of sex chromosomes (ZW) from a female Cemophora coccinea, AMNH R-110750. Scale bar = 10 µm. C. Karyotype of Lampropeltis triangulum (2n = 36, with 16 macrochromosomes and 20 microchromosomes), AMNH R-109512, male, with one more pair of microchromosomes (arrow) than in A, with C representing the ancestral karyotype of colubroids.
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