Rhaconotini Fahringer, 1928

Belokobylskij, Sergey A. & Zaldívar-Riverón, Alejandro, 2021, Reclassification of the doryctine tribe Rhaconotini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), European Journal of Taxonomy 741, pp. 1-168 : 4-8

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.741.1289
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DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4651385
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scientific name	Rhaconotini Fahringer, 1928
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Treatment

Tribe Rhaconotini Fahringer, 1928

Rhaconotini Fahringer, 1928: 8 .

Leptorhaconotini van Achterberg, 1984: 42, syn. nov.

Leptorhaconotini – Belokobylskij 1992: 920 — Quicke 1996: 115 — Yu et al. 2016.

Diagnosis

Body medium sized to large, but rarely ( Grangerdoryctes ) small, with surface mostly granulate or granulate-reticulate, metasoma occasionally partly smooth, especially in posterior half. Hypoclypeal depression round or oval. Malar suture usually absent, and sometimes present but usually very shallow. Occipital carina upper usually distinct and complete, below often not reaching base of mandible and obliterated here. Scapus of antenna simple, without basal constriction and apical lobe.

Pronotal collar usually short, dorsally often convex and with distinct pronotal carina. Mesoscutum usually gently-roundly elevated above pronotum; mesoscutum with distinct and complete or rarely incomplete (present only anteriorly) notauli. Prepectal (epicnemial) carina complete, rather strong, sometimes ventrally coarse and wide. Propodeum without or with areas (at least basolateral ones) delineated by distinct carinae, areola present or absent.

Predominantly full-winged, but rarely (some Rhaconotus ) present micropterous or apterous forms. Fore wing often hyaline, but sometimes maculated or infuscate. Pterostigma rather wide, only rarely ( Grangerdoryctes ) narrowed. Second radiomedial (submarginal) cell usually medium-sized. Second radiomedial (r-m) usually present, but rarely absent second ( Grangerdoryctes , Pseudorhaconotus ) or first radiomedial (2RS) ( Antespathius ) veins. Recurrent (m-cu) vein often postfurcal (distal to first radiomedial vein (2RS)), more rarely interstitial or at least weakly antefurcal ( Rhacontsira , some species of Ipodoryctes and Rhaconotus ). Parallel vein (CU1a) often interstitial, rarely not interstitial ( Bathycentor , Ipodoryctes , Mimipodoryctes , Rhacontsira ) and arising before, from or behind middle of the vein (2CUa) closed brachial (subdiscal) cell posteriorly. Hind wing recurrent vein (m-cu) usually present, but often weakly sclerotised, sometimes absent. Submedial (subbasal) cell always closed distally by nervellus (cu-a), mostly short (except Neorhaconotus ), with first mediocubital abscissa (M+CU) distinctly shorter than second abscissa (1M).

Hind coxa mostly with basoventral corner and tubercle. Hind femur often with distinct basoventral knob.

Metasoma often with five ( Pseudorhaconotus , Rhaconotus ) or six ( Arhaconotus , many Ipodoryctes , Mimipodoryctes , many Rhaconotinus , Troporhaconotus ) dorsally visible, hardly sclerotised and widely sculptured tergites, accordingly fifth or sixth tergite in such case more or less enlarged and often longer than previous ones. In some cases ( Antespathius , Grangerdoryctes , Platyspathius , Rhacontsira ) apical tergites less strongly sclerotised, with more tergites visible behind fifth (seven or eight) and usually much less sculptured in distal half of metasoma. Laterotergites (epipleura) of second and following tergites usually distinctly separated and spiracle situated on lateral parts of tergites near folds. First metasomal tergite often medium length or weakly elongate, with short acrosternite (basal sternite); but sometimes ( Antespathius and Platyspathius ) this tergite long and distinctly narrowed with more or less strongly elongate acrosternite and this segment transformed in (sub)petiole. Second tergite without any furrows ( Antespathius , Platyspathius , some Rhaconotus , Rhacontsira ) or often with rather distinct curved or straight subbasal furrow (delineated anterior, basal area) ( Arhaconotus , Bathycentor , Ipodoryctes , Mimipodoryctes ) and subposterior furrow (delineated posterior apical area) ( Arhaconotus , Bathycentor , Ipodoryctes , Leptorhaconotus , Mimipodoryctes , Platyspathius , Rhaconotinus and some Rhaconotus ). Third tergite usually without furrows, but strongly curved furrow known in Grangerdoryctes . Subbasal (in many cases) or submedial ( Grangerdoryctes ) transverse furrow present on fourth and fifth or sixth tergites. Fifth ( Euryphrymnus , Pseudorhaconotus , Rhaconotus ) or sixth ( Arhaconotus , many Ipodoryctes , Mimipodoryctes , etc.) tergites more or less distinctly enlarged, often longer than previous ones; rarely these tergites in posterior margin with distinct submedian processes or median excision. Ovipositor (except Leptorhaconotus ) relatively long, dorsally with double small preapical notches and apico-ventrally serrate.

Key to the world genera of the tribe Rhaconotini

1. Metasomal tergites with large lateral part strongly bent downwards ( Fig. 23H View Fig ); ventral margins of sixth tergite below almost connected or closely situated ( Fig. 23F View Fig ); metasoma tube-shaped in dissection.Acrosternite of first metasomal segment elongated, about 0.35 times as long as first tergite ( Fig. 3H View Fig ), its apical margin situated behind level of spiracles. Ovipositor basally flat and wide, evenly narrowed toward apex, strong upcurved, without dorsoapical tubercles and ventroapical serration ( Figs 22K View Fig , 23C, E–G View Fig ). Ovipositor sheath-wide and flat, leaf-shaped ( Figs 22K View Fig , 23E, G View Fig ). (Subtribe Leptorhaconotina ) ............................................................ Leptorhaconotus Granger, 1949 View in CoL

– Metasomal tergites with short lateral part slightly bent downwards ( Figs 2D View Fig , 4C View Fig , 7D View Fig ); ventral margins of sixth tergite below widely separated from each other; metasoma dorso-ventrally flattened ( Figs 2D View Fig , 4C View Fig , 7D View Fig ). Acrosternite of first metasomal segment usually not elongated, 0.20–0.25 times as long as first tergite, its apical margin situated before level of spiracles ( Figs 3K View Fig , 7D View Fig , 9B View Fig , 13D View Fig ); occasionally acrosternite distinctly elongated ( Antespathius and Platyspathius View in CoL ) ( Figs 1J View Fig , 28L View Fig , 30J View Fig , 32I View Fig ). Ovipositor round basally (in dissection), not narrowed toward apex and not upcurved, with dorsoapical tubercles and ventroapical serration ( Figs 1A View Fig , 3A View Fig , 6A View Fig , 17D View Fig ). Ovipositor sheath narrow and thick, stick-shaped ( Figs 1A View Fig , 3A View Fig , 6A View Fig , 17D View Fig ) (Subtribe Rhaconotina ) ........................................ 2

2. Second radiomedial vein (r-m) of fore wing absent ( Figs 13A View Fig , 39A View Fig ) .............................................. 3

– Second radiomedial vein (r-m) of fore wing present ( Figs 2A View Fig , 4A View Fig , 5H View Fig , 9A View Fig ) ................................... 4

3. First flagellar segment of antenna shorter than second segment ( Fig. 12E View Fig ). Third–fifth metasomal tergites with deep, strongly curved and distinctly crenulate furrows ( Figs 13B–C View Fig ). Second suture absent ( Fig. 12I View Fig ). Brachial (subdiscal) cell closed apically distinctly before recurrent vein (m-cu) ( Fig. 13A View Fig ) .............................................................................. Grangerdoryctes Belokobylskij, 2005 View in CoL

– First flagellar segment of antenna longer than second segment ( Fig. 38E View Fig ). Third–fifth metasomal tergites without curved crenulate furrows ( Fig. 39B View Fig ). Second suture present and deep ( Fig. 39B View Fig ). Brachial (subdiscal) cell closed apically on the level of recurrent vein (m-cu) ( Fig. 39A View Fig ) ............................................................ Pseudorhaconotus van Achterberg & Shaw, 2010

4. Metasoma dorsally with only five visible tergites (following tergites hidden under fifth one); fifth tergite usually longer than previous tergite ( Figs 9B View Fig , 11B View Fig , 45C View Fig , 46H View Fig , 48E View Fig ) .................................... 5

– Metasoma dorsally with more than five (with sixth and seventh) visible tergites; sixth or seventh tergites longer or often not longer than previous tergite ( Figs 2C View Fig , 4B View Fig , 5G View Fig , 7C View Fig , 15B View Fig ) ...................... 8

5. Submedial (subbasal) cell of hind wing long; first abscissa of mediocubital vein (M+CU) 0.8–1.0 times as long as second abscissa (1-M) ( Fig. 27B View Fig ). Propodeum with elongate areola distinctly delineated by carinae ( Fig. 26C View Fig ). Fourth–fifth metasomal tergites almost entirely smooth ( Figs 26C View Fig , 27C View Fig ) ................................................................ Neorhaconotus Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 View in CoL

– Submedial (subbasal) cell of hind wing short; first abscissa of mediocubital vein (M+CU) 0.3–0.5 (0.6) times as long as second abscissa (1-M) ( Figs 9A View Fig , 45B View Fig , 48A View Fig ). Propodeum usually without areola delineated by carinae ( Figs 8F View Fig , 44H View Fig , 46F View Fig , 47H View Fig ). Fourth–fifth metasomal tergites usually mainly sculptured ( Figs 9C View Fig , 45C View Fig , 46H View Fig , 48E View Fig ) ............................................................................................... 6

6. Second metasomal tergite with basal area delineated posteriorly by distinct furrow ( Figs 9C View Fig , 10H View Fig , 11B View Fig ). Apical lenticular area of second tergite always present and sharply delineated anteriorly by deep and crenulate curved additional sulcus and posteriorly by deep second suture ( Figs 9C View Fig , 10H View Fig , 11B View Fig ) ................................................................................................... Euryphrymnus Cameron, 1910

– Second metasomal tergite without basal area delineated posteriorly by furrow ( Figs 45C View Fig , 46H View Fig , 48E– F View Fig ). Apical lenticular area of second tergite present or absent ( Figs 45C View Fig , 46H View Fig , 48E–F View Fig ) ( Rhaconotus Ruthe, 1854 View in CoL ) ..................................................................................................................................... 7

7. Recurrent vein (m-cu) of fore wing distinctly antefurcal ( Fig. 48A View Fig ). Propodeum with distinct lateral tubercles ( Fig. 47I View Fig ). Apical segments of antenna contrasting pale ( Fig. 47F View Fig ) .......................................................................Subgenus Pararhacon Belokobylskij, 2005

– Recurrent vein (m-cu) of fore wing always postfurcal ( Fig. 45A View Fig ). Propodeum without distinct lateral tubercles ( Fig. 44I View Fig ). Apical segments of antenna same colour as previous segments ( Fig. 44G View Fig ) ..............................................................................................Subgenus Rhaconotus View in CoL s. str.

8. First metasomal tergite narrow and long, weakly widened towards apex, petiolate or subpetiolate ( Figs 1I–J View Fig , 2C–D View Fig , 30J View Fig , 31C–D View Fig , 35B, D View Fig , 37C–D View Fig ); acrosternite of first segment more or less strongly or distinctly elongated ( Figs 1J View Fig , 2D View Fig , 30J View Fig , 31D View Fig , 35D View Fig , 37D View Fig ) .............................................................. 9

– First metasomal tergite rather wide and usually short, distinctly widened towards apex ( Figs 4B–C View Fig , 5G View Fig , 7C–D View Fig , 15B–C View Fig , 17B, D View Fig ), never petiolate; acrosternite of first segment not elongated, short ( Figs 4C View Fig , 7D View Fig , 15C View Fig , 17D View Fig ) ...........................................................................................................................11

9. Face with dense and fine transverse aciculation ( Fig.1C View Fig ). Nervulus (cu-a) of fore wing distinctly antefurcal. First radiomedial vein (2-SR) absent ( Figs 2A–B View Fig ). Acrosternite of first metasomal segment long, 0.6–0.7 times as long as tergite ( Figs 1J View Fig , 2D View Fig ). First tergite distinctly striate with reticulation ( Figs 1I View Fig , 2C View Fig ) .............................................................. Antespathius Belokobylskij, 1995

– Face without dense transverse aciculation ( Figs 28C View Fig , 30C View Fig , 32B View Fig , 34C View Fig , 36B View Fig ). Nervulus (cu-a) of fore wing almost never antefurcal. First radiomedial vein (2-SR) always present ( Figs 29A View Fig , 31A View Fig , 33A View Fig , 35A View Fig , 37A View Fig ). Acrosternite of first metasomal segment rather short, 0.3–0.5 times as long as tergite ( Figs 28L View Fig , 29C View Fig , 30J View Fig , 31D View Fig , 32I View Fig , 33D View Fig , 35D View Fig , 37D View Fig ). First tergite usually densely and small areolate ( Figs 28I View Fig , 29B View Fig , 31C View Fig , 32H View Fig , 33C View Fig , 34F View Fig , 35B View Fig , 37C View Fig ). ( Platyspathius Viereck, 1911 View in CoL ) ........................... 10

10. Vertex entirely densely granulate or reticulate-coriaceous, without or with sparse and incomplete striation ( Figs 28D View Fig , 30D View Fig , 32C View Fig , 34D View Fig ). Median lobe of mesonotum not high and usually weakly evenly-curved ( Figs 28H View Fig , 30G View Fig , 32G View Fig , 34H View Fig ). Second radiomedial (submarginal) cell of fore wing medium length, rather narrow, usually not widened apically ( Figs 29A View Fig , 31A View Fig , 33A View Fig , 35A View Fig ) .................................................................................................... Subgenus Platyspathius View in CoL s. str.

– Vertex entirely densely and distinctly transverse striate ( Fig. 36C View Fig ). Median lobe of mesonotum highly hump-shaped ( Fig. 36H View Fig ). Second radiomedial (submarginal) cell of fore wing very long, wide, distinctly widened towards apex ( Fig. 37A View Fig ) ............................................................................. ..................................................................................... Subgenus Lenticularia van Achterberg, 2003

11. First and second metasomal tergites of female immovably fused ( Figs 3J, K View Fig , 4B–C View Fig ) ................... 12

– First and second metasomal tergites of female movably connected ( Figs 5G View Fig , 7C–D View Fig , 15B, C View Fig , 17B, D View Fig , 41C–D View Fig , 43D–E View Fig , 50C, E View Fig , 59C–D View Fig ) ................................................................................................... 13

12. Parallel vein (CU1a) of fore wing always interstitial ( Fig. 4A View Fig ). First and second tergites of male immovably fused. Vertex smooth or densely granulate, without striation ( Fig. 4C View Fig ) .......................... ....................................................................................................... Arhaconotus Belokobylskij, 2000 View in CoL

– Parallel vein (CU1a) of fore wing usually not interstitial, arising from anterior third of distal margin of brachial (subdiscal) cell ( Fig. 25A View Fig ). First and second tergites of male movably connected. Vertex striate or rugose, sometimes with granulation between rugae, never smooth or only granulate ( Fig. 4C View Fig ) .................................................................................. Mimipodoryctes Belokobylskij, 2000 View in CoL

13. Second tergite with basal area delineated by furrow or different type of sculpture ....................... 14

– Second tergite without delineated basal area .................................................................................. 16

14. Basal area of second tergite long and delineated posteriorly by deep furrow ( Figs 5G View Fig , 7C View Fig ). Parallel vein (CU1a) of fore wing arising from posterior third or occasionally from the middle of vein (3- CU1) closing distally brachial (subdiscal) cell ( Figs 5H View Fig , 7A View Fig ). Recurrent vein (m-cu) of fore wing antefurcal or interstitial ( Figs 5H View Fig , 7A View Fig ) .................................................. Bathycentor Saussure, 1892 View in CoL

– Basal area of second tergite short and delineated posteriorly usually by only different type of sculpture ( Figs 15B View Fig , 17B View Fig , 19B View Fig , 21B View Fig ). Parallel vein (CU1a) of fore wing arising behind middle of vein (3-CU1) closing distally brachial (subdiscal) cell ( Figs 15A View Fig , 17A View Fig , 19A View Fig , 21A View Fig ). Recurrent vein (m-cu) of fore wing postfurcal ( Figs 15A View Fig , 17A View Fig , 19A View Fig , 21A View Fig ( Ipodoryctes Granger, 1949 View in CoL )) ............ 15

15. Hind coxa without or with very small basoventral tubercle ( Figs 16B View Fig , 18J View Fig , 20H View Fig ). Pro- and often mesothorax almost entirely smooth ( Figs 16C–D View Fig , 18H–I View Fig , 20F–G View Fig ). Notauli smooth or almost smooth ( Figs 16C View Fig , 18H View Fig , 20F View Fig ) ...........................................................Subgenus Afroipodoryctes subgen. nov.

– Hind coxa with distinct basoventral tubercle ( Fig. 14H View Fig ). Pro- and mesothorax at least partly granulate ( Fig. 14F–G View Fig ). Notauli crenulate or granulate ( Fig. 14F View Fig ) ....................... Subgenus Ipodoryctes View in CoL s. str.

16. Recurrent vein (m-cu) antefurcal ( Figs 50A View Fig , 51I View Fig , 52K View Fig , 53A View Fig , 55A View Fig , 57A View Fig ). Parallel vein (CU1a) of fore wing not interstitial, arising behind middle of vein (3-CU1) closing distally brachial (subdiscal) cell ( Figs 50A View Fig , 51I View Fig , 52K View Fig , 53A View Fig , 55A View Fig , 57A View Fig ). First flagellar segment often not longer than second segment ( Figs 49D View Fig , 51E View Fig , 52E View Fig , 54D View Fig , 56D View Fig ). Metasoma behind third tergite smooth ( Figs 50C–D View Fig , 51H View Fig , 53B–C View Fig , 55B–C View Fig , 57B–C View Fig ) ............................................................................. Rhacontsira Belokobylskij, 1998 View in CoL

– Recurrent vein (m-cu) postfurcal ( Figs 41A View Fig , 43A View Fig , 59A View Fig ). Parallel vein (CU1a) of fore wing often interstitial ( Figs 41A View Fig , 43A View Fig , 59A View Fig ). First flagellar segment usually longer than second segment ( Figs 40D View Fig , 42E View Fig , 58E View Fig ). Metasoma behind third tergite sculpture at least in basal part of posterior tergites ( Figs 41C View Fig , 43D View Fig , 59C View Fig ) ......................................................................................................... 17

17. First metasomal tergite very long, 2.0–2.7 times as long as its apical width ( Figs 58K View Fig , 59C–D View Fig ). Sixth metasomal tergite distinctly enlarged and covered following apical tergites ( Figs 59C–D View Fig ). Mesosoma long, 2.5–2.7 times as long as maximum width ( Figs 58I–J View Fig ) ........................................... ................................................................................................................. Troporhaconotus gen. nov.

– First metasomal tergite short, usually distinctly less than 2.0 times as long as its apical width ( Figs 40G View Fig , 41C View Fig , 43C, E View Fig ). Sixth metasomal tergite usually not enlarged and not covered following tergites ( Figs 41C–D View Fig ). Mesosoma short, 1.8–2.2 times as long as maximum width ( Figs 40F View Fig , 42H View Fig ) ( Rhaconotinus Hedqvist, 1965 ) ...................................................................................................... 18

18. Apical lenticular area of second metasomal tergite always present and sharply delineated anteriorly by deep and crenulate curved additional sulcus and posteriorly by deep second suture ( Figs 40G View Fig , 41C View Fig ) ................................................................................................... Subgenus Rhaconotinus s. str.

– Apical area of second metasomal tergite always absent; anteriorly additional transverse sulcus absent or almost indistinct ( Fig. 43D View Fig ) ........................................Subgenus Hexarhaconotinus subgen. nov.