Trypanoxyuris kotudoi, Solórzano-García & Ospina & Rondón & León, 2020

Solórzano-García, Brenda, Ospina, Andrés Link, Rondón, Silvia & León, Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de, 2020, Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle, International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 11, pp. 17-28 : 21-22

3.1.4. Trypanoxyuris kotudoi n. sp. ( Fig. 5 )

Description based on 28 specimens. Buccal aperture delimited by three notched lips, dorsal and left ventral lip are bilobulated; right ventral lip with a salient square-shaped edge at the inner region; lobes in the left ventral lip approximately symmetrical.

Females (n = 19): Lips show discrete lateral indentations in the upper border, bilateral in the dorsal lip, while unilateral in the most ventral border in both ventral lips. Lateral alae double crested ( Figs. 4 and 5 ). Measurements are given in Table 2 .

Males (n = 9). Lips with discrete notches compared to females; indentations in the outer border are not observable; arch between lobes significantly smaller in the left ventral lip compared with the dorsal lip ( Fig. 6 ). Tail appendage absent. Measurements are given in Table 3. 3.1.4.1. Taxonomic summary. Type-host: A. seniculus (Linneus, 1766) , red howler monkey . Site of infection: Not determined (samples were obtained from faeces).

Type-locality: San Juan del Carare , Santander Department, Colombia (06̊ 43 N, 74̊ 09′W; 150 m. a.s.l.) .

Type material: Holotype: CNHE: No 11216, paratypes CNHE: No. 11217.

No individuals: 28/99 (28.3%) of the recovered specimens of Trypanoxyuris belong to this species.

Etymology: The specific epithet derives from a combination of the Quechua word for red howler monkeys “kotu”, and its common name in Colombia “mono cotudo”.

3.1.4.2. Remarks. This species is morphologically similar to T. seunimii n. sp., and both species can be found in mixed infections in the same individual host. The presence of two bilobulated lips and double crested lateral alae in females of T. kotudoi n. sp. differentiates it from T. seunimii n. sp. Males of these two species are readily distinguished by the absence of a tail appendage in T. kotudoi n. sp.; additionally, the oval shape of the right ventral lip, rather than a triangular shape differentiate it from T. seunimii n. sp. ( Fig. 6 ). Trypanoxyuris kotudoi n. sp. also resembles T. pigrae , but several traits can help to distinguish between these two species: the square-shaped salient edge in the right ventral lip of T. kotudoi n. sp. rather than flat inner edge shown in T. pigrae , the symmetric versus asymmetric lobes of the left ventral lip in females of T. kotudoi n. sp. compared to T. pigrae ( Fig. 4 ); the narrow arch between lobes in the dorsal lip of T. kotudoi n. sp. compared to a wider arch in T. pigrae ( Fig. 4 ); and the double crested alae in females of T. kotudoi n. sp. while single crested in T. pigrae . Males of these two species distinguish from each other by the lack of tail appendage in the new species, and the sharp protuberances formed as a result of the notches in the lips, which are observable in T. pigrae ( Fig. 6 ). Additionally, the host, with T. pigrae found in A. pigra and T. kotudoi n. sp. found in A. seniculus . Egg size and shape are highly similar among species, making these characters not useful for species level diagnosis.

Figures

Fig. 5. Trypanoxyuris kotudoi n. sp. (A) Male full body, lateral view. (B) Male cephalic end, apical view. (C) Male posterior end, ventral view; (D) Male posterior end, lateral view, (E) Female full body, lateral view; (F) Female cephalic end, apical view; (G) Female cross section showing lateral alae; (H) Egg.

Fig. 4. SEM of buccal structures of females of Trypanoxyuris species found in howler monkeys (A) Trypanoxyuris seunimii n. sp. (B) T. keumimae n. sp. (C) T. kotudoi n. sp. (D) T. minutus from Alouatta seniculus. (E) T. pigrae. (F) T. minutus from Mesoamerican howler monkeys. R: right ventral lip; L: left ventral lip. White arrow pointing at the lateral indentations. Black arrow pointing at the square-shaped edge.

Fig. 6. SEM of buccal structures of males of Trypanoxyuris species found in howler monkeys (A) Trypanoxyuris seunimii n. sp. (B) T. keumimae n. sp. (C) T. kotudoi n. sp. (D) T. minutus from Alouatta seniculus. (E) T. pigrae. (F) T. minutus from Mesoamerican howler monkeys. R: right ventral lip; L: left ventral lip. White arrow pointing at the sharp protuberances formed as a result of the notches in the lips.