Scorpaenodes barrybrowni Pitassy & Baldwin

Baldwin, Carole C., Pitassy, Diane E. & Robertson, D. Ross, 2016, A new deep-reef scorpionfish (Teleostei, Scorpaenidae, Scorpaenodes) from the southern Caribbean with comments on depth distributions and relationships of western Atlantic members of the genus, ZooKeys 606, pp. 141-158 : 142-151

Taxon classification Animalia Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae

Scorpaenodes barrybrowni Pitassy & Baldwin sp. n. Figs 1, 2A

Type locality.

Curaçao, eastward of Substation Curaçao downline, 12.0832°N, 68.8991°W, D. R. Robertson, B. Brandt, A. Driskell, R. Loendersloot, K. Stewart, 30 May 2011.

Holotype.

USNM 406390, Smithsonian DNA number CUR11390, 37.1 mm SL, Curasub submersible, sta. 11-5, Curaçao, eastward of Substation Curaçao downline, 12.0832°N, 68.8991°W, 95-160 m, 30 May 2011, D. R. Robertson, B. Brandt, A. Driskell, R. Loendersloot, K. Stewart.

Paratypes.

USNM 406138, Smithsonian DNA number CUR11138, 30.4 mm SL, Curasub submersible, sta.11-02, Curaçao, off Substation Curaçao downline, 12.0832°N 68.8991°W, 137-146 m, 23 May 2011, C. Baldwin, D. R. Robertson, A. Schrier, B. Brandt; CAS 241446, Smithsonian DNA number CUR13257, 38.1 mm SL, Curasub submersible, sta. 13-14, Curaçao, off Substation Curaçao downline, 12.0832°N, 68.8991°W, 135 m, 9 August 2013, C. Baldwin, D. R. Robertson, A. Driskell, B. van Bebber; USNM 430028, Smithsonian DNA number CUR13322, 30.7 mm SL, Curasub submersible, sta. 13-31, Curaçao, west of Substation Curaçao downline, 12.0832°N, 68.8991°W, 223-235 m, 1 November 2013, C. Baldwin, D. R. Robertson, B. Brandt, C. Castillo; USNM 426717, Smithsonian DNA number CUR13179, 46.6 mm SL, Curasub submersible, Dive 2, Kralendijk, Bonaire City Dock, 12.1500°N, 68.2829°W, 114 m, 30 May 2013, C. Baldwin, A. Schrier, B. van Bebber, T. Christiaan.

Non-type specimens.

USNM 438436, Smithsonian DNA number DOM16034, 50.0 mm SL, Curasub submersible, sta. 16-11, Dominica, Prince Rupert Bay, 15.5551°N, 60.4641°W to 15.5624°N, 61.4745°W, 146 m, 7 March 2016, C. Baldwin, B. Van Bebber, A. Schrier, B. Hoeksema; USNM 438437, Smithsonian DNA number DOM16086, 45.0 mm SL, Curasub submersible, sta. 16-15, Dominica, Prince Rubert Bay, 15.5551°N, 61.4746°W, depth not recorded, 10 March 2016, A. Schrier, B. Van Bebber, D. Felder, A. Collins.

Diagnosis.

A species of Scorpaenodes distinguished by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin soft rays 8; pectoral-fin rays 16-17, rays 11-12 (from uppermost ray) noticeably longer than rest in smallest four type specimens; caudal-fin rays 25-27; vertebrae 24 (8 precaudal + 16 caudal); spines on suborbital ridge 4 (rarely 5); secondary suborbital ridge spines absent; two prominent round to oblong pores in suborbital sensory canal immediately ventral to suborbital ridge; coronal, interorbital, upper post temporal and postorbital spines absent; lateral line incomplete, 8-10 pored scales extending from behind supracleithral spine to mid body; cirri associated with nasal, supraocular, and parietal spines and present on posteroventral projection of lacrimal and upper left quadrant of orbit; no cirri associated with postocular, tympanic, supracleithral, and lower posttemporal spines; body relatively elongate, depth at origin of dorsal fin 30-32% SL, depth at caudal peduncle 9-10% SL. Color in life bright orange-red with several reddish-brown bars on posterior portion of trunk; pectoral fin with vivid yellow spots interspersed with bright orange-red spots.

Description.

Dorsal fin XIII, 8, last soft ray split to base but supported in serial association by a single pterygiophore. Anal fin III, 5, last soft ray split to base but serially supported by single pterygiophore. Pectoral-fin rays 16-17, 17 (left)/17 (right) in holotype and three paratypes, 17/16 in one paratype. Upper-limb gill rakers 5-6 (2 rakers and 3-4 rudiments), lower limb 9-12 (8-9 rakers and 1-3 rudiments) = 14-18 total, 6 + 12 = 18 in holotype. Vertical scale rows 34-45, 41 in holotype. Pored lateral-line scales 8-10, 9 in holotype, scales extending from behind supracleithral spine to mid body. Vertebrae 8 + 16 = 24.

Morphometric data for type material given in Table 1. In the following, condition in holotype given in parentheses. Head large, length 44-48% SL (48% SL). Snout length 12-14% SL (12%), slightly shorter than orbit diameter, 14-15% SL (14%). Posterior portion of lacrimal with two somewhat rounded, ventrally directed projections. Suborbital ridge usually with 4, rarely 5, laterally directed spines (4), first at level of anterior rim of eye, second just posterior to center of eye, third and fourth posterior to orbit; spines positioned close together, with fourth spine at terminal end of suborbital ridge. Fifth spine, when present, appearing supplemental to fourth suborbital spine. Secondary suborbital ridge or spines absent. The two, large, suborbital pores positioned just below bases of second and third suborbital spines. Preopercle with 4 or 5 spines on posterior margin (5); uppermost spine largest, directed posteriorly, and in line with spines present on suborbital ridge. A conspicuous supplemental spine located immediately anterior to uppermost preopercular spine, and shafts of the two spines may appear merged with more or less distinct points; second preopercular spine sharp, located immediately ventral to first, and noticeably smaller than first and third spines; third spine more triangular in appearance, less sharp, directed posteroventrally; fourth spine similar in size or smaller than third, both directed ventrally; fifth spine rudimentary. Opercle with two pointed spines. Postocular, tympanic, parietal, nuchal, supracleithral, lower posttemporal, pterotic, and cleithral spines present, strongly developed, and with sharp points. Nasal, preocular, supraocular, and sphenotic spines distinct and pointed but diminutive relative to aforementioned spines. Interorbital ridges miniscule, lacking spines. Coronal, upper temporal, and postorbital spines absent. Cirri associated with nasal, supraocular, and parietal spines and present on posteroventral projection of lacrimal and upper left quadrant of eye. Cirri present or absent in association with preocular, nuchal, and second suborbital spines, and anteriormost of the two ventral lacrimal projections. Cirri branched or unbranched at distal tips. Supraocular cirrus noticeably longer than others. Various fleshy lappets may be present on body, especially adjacent to lateral line. No cirri on ventral surface of mandible. Anterior nostril in short tube with broad, well-developed nasal flap/cirrus on posterior margin. Posterior nostril in short tube formed posteriorly by orbit and anteriorly by sheath of transparent skin.

Dorsal fin originating above upper edge of opercle, fourth or fifth spines longest; penultimate shortest; fin membranes between spines incised. Anal fin with 3 spines, second longer, more robust than first or third. Uppermost pectoral-fin ray unbranched, second branched or unbranched (branched in holotype), next 7-9 rays branched (8 in holotype), ventralmost 7-8 rays unbranched (7 in holotype). Longest pectoral-fin rays usually in position 11-12 from uppermost ray and usually conspicuously longer than surrounding rays (rays in ventral half of fin broken on left side of holotype, 11th and 12th rays on right side conspicuously elongate). In largest type specimen (USNM 425717, 46.6 mm SL), 10th pectoral-fin ray longest and 11th and 12th rays not distinctly longer than neighboring rays. Pectoral fin may terminate anterior to anal fin or reach past origin of anal-fin spines. Pelvic fin terminating well anterior to anal-fin insertion, pelvic spine shorter than soft pelvic rays. Caudal fin with 25-27 total rays (25), dorsal lobe with 7 unbranched + 6 branched rays, ventral lobe with 5-6 branched + 7-8 unbranched (5+7).

No prominent knob at symphysis of lower jaw. Four distinct mandibular pores, the first very small and situated immediately posterior to symphysis. Gill rakers relatively short but slender.

Pseudobranch present but with poorly formed lamellae. Premaxilla and dentary each with band of small teeth in multiple rows, bands broadest near symphysis. Vomer with chevron-shaped patch of teeth in 3-4 rows. No teeth on palatine, pterygoids, or tongue. Swimbladder present.

Color description based on image of a living specimen in an aquarium brought to the surface alive from 114 m (USNM 426717, Fig. 2A) and from color images of recently deceased type material (e.g., USNM 406390, Fig. 1A). Body mostly orange to pinkish orange, paler on underside of head and belly; lower portion of body with diffuse areas of translucent yellow pigment; body lappets pink to white. Nasal and supraorbital cirri pink to orange; pupil black, encircled successively distally by thin cream ring, ring of short dark brown or grey bars on whitish or orange background, and ring of reddish-brown to orange bars on pink to grey background; two dark markings below ventral portion of eye forming part of red/orange bar that extends ventrally across mouth; this bar followed posteriorly by short red/orange bar or marking on lower jaw; in living specimen, another two dark markings (anterior one part of outer orbital ring of pigment) forming part of oblique, reddish-brown bar extending from posteroventral portion of orbit to posteroventral edge of operculum; snout, anterior portions of jaws, and dorsal portion of cheek pink to orange; posterior portions of jaws and ventral portion of remainder of head pink to clear; series of indistinct, narrow reddish-brown bars present across dorsal portions of head and nape; lappets on jaws creamy yellow. Body with five orange-brown to brown blotches, posteriormost three forming well-defined bars: anteriormost blotch on nape above rear corner of opercle and extending posteriorly beneath first three dorsal-fin spines; second blotch broadest, irregular in shape, with pale center, situated mostly beneath dorsal spines 6-10 and narrowing ventrally but extending anteriorly to rear edge of opercle along lateral line; third marking a bar beneath anterior half of soft dorsal fin; fourth the narrowest and most indistinct, located on caudal peduncle immediately behind bases of dorsal and anal fins; and fifth strong, narrow, and situated on posterior edge of caudal peduncle. Spinous dorsal fin mostly orange with scattered pale or pale pink streaks and usually a blackish-brown ovoid blotch across bases of spines 7-10; this dark blotch poorly defined in 46.6-mm SL specimen (USNM 426717, Fig. 2A) and appearing as several smaller spots; soft-dorsal fin with broad, bright orange stripe at base, sometimes with a few dark spots near the base; remainder of fin mainly clear with two to several irregular rows of orange spots; smallest specimen (30.4 mm SL) without dark body blotches or bars and without broad stripe of orange at base of soft dorsal fin. Base of caudal fin with strong orange bar immediately behind posteriormost peduncular bar, rest of fin with translucent membranes and irregular rows of elongate orange spots. Anal fin with broad orange stripe at base, distal portion of fin with translucent membranes and 2-3 irregular rows of orange spots; orange stripes at bases of soft dorsal and anal fins connected to third body blotch (anteriormost of the three well-defined bars), giving the appearance of a single orange (fins) to orangish-brown (body) bar. Pelvic fin spine whitish, basal half of soft-pelvic fin pale orange, fading distally to translucent/yellowish. Pectoral fin base pale pinkish, base of fin orange, orange extending posteriorly along several rays in ventral portion of fin; remainder of fin paler and with irregular pattern of orange and yellow spots; yellow xanthophores appearing as expanded, stellate pigment markings in living specimen (Fig. 2A).

Color of holotype in alcohol (Fig. 1B). Ground color light tan. Head with dark grey eye with varying numbers of short, radiating, dark brown lines or bars, some of these extending onto portions of head adjacent to orbit; a dark blotch beneath eye above posterior end of upper jaw; another dark blotch extending from posterior edge of orbit obliquely to rear edge of preopercle; snout, maxilla, operculum, and nape with scattered dark spots, a dark blotch above posterodorsal region of orbit. Body with five dark blotches or bars described in fresh specimens retained in preservative. Dorsal fin translucent with scattered dark specks and an oval black blotch on bases of spines 7-10 in all type specimens except the largest (46.6 mm SL), which has scattered dark markings on spines 6-10 as well as a bit of dark pigment at bases of spines 1-3; soft dorsal with dark blotch at base above dark body bar; remainder of fin clear. Caudal fin translucent. Anal fin translucent, usually with dark smudge on fin continuous with dark body bar. Pelvic fins translucent. Pectoral fins translucent, with one or more irregular dark spots on central fin rays.

Distribution.

Known from Curaçao and Bonaire in the southern Caribbean, and Dominica in the Windward Islands, eastern Caribbean.

Habitat.

Collected off Curaçao at 95-160 m on rocky substrata. Off Dominica, USNM 438436 was collected on a vertical rock wall.

Etymology.

Named in honor of Barry Brown, Substation Curaçao and free-lance photographer (www.coralreefphotos.com), who has patiently, diligently, and expertly taken photographs of hundreds of fishes and invertebrates captured alive by DROP investigators. He has generously shared his photographs, and they have enhanced numerous scientific and educational publications. An example of his work is here featured in Fig. 2A.

Common name.

Stellate Scorpionfish, in reference to the yellow, stellate chromatophores on the pectoral fin in life and the radiating pigment markings accentuating the eye. Spanish common name: Escorpión Estrellado.

Genetic comparisons.

Figure 3 shows the results of the maximum parsimony analysis of the COI sequences, which clearly support recognizing Scorpaenodes barrybrowni as a species distinct from western Atlantic Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus . Table 2 shows genetic distances within each species and between pairs of species included in the analysis. Intraspecific genetic variation is 0.0-0.2% for Scorpaenodes barrybrowni and 0.0-0.5% for both Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus , whereas interspecific divergences among the ten members of the genus for which data are available, including Scorpaenodes barrybrowni , are 14.5-23.2%. The COI data are insufficient to resolve most relationships among Scorpaenodes species with any confidence (only bootstrap values>50 are shown on the tree). A clade comprising Scorpaenodes guamensis , Scorpaenodes parvipinnis , Scorpaenodes varipinnis , and an unidentified Scorpaenodes from French Polynesia has a bootstrap value of 81. Note that Scorpaenodes guamensis from South Africa and Scorpaenodes parvipinnis from Madagascar appear to be the same species (0.2% divergence), which either indicates that they are synonymous or one of the specimens from which the sequences in GenBank were derived is misidentified. Likewise, Scorpaenodes albaiensis and Scorpaenodes kelloggi from South Africa are very similar (0.8% divergence). If one constructs a neighbor-joining tree online at BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/) for Scorpaenodes , there are numerous misidentifications or taxonomic issues that need to be resolved. For example, Scorpaenodes varipinnis , Scorpaenodes parvipinnis , and Scorpaenodes guamensis all appear in at least three genetic lineages. Additional analyses are needed, but our preliminary COI data would not appear to support a monophyletic clade of western Atlantic Scorpaenodes .

Morphological comparisons.

The presence of thirteen dorsal-fin spines and absence of palatine teeth support the placement of the new species in the genus Scorpaenodes ( Poss and Eschmeyer 2003). The combination of features provided in the diagnosis distinguishes Scorpaenodes barrybrowni from all congeners. Characters that distinguish Scorpaenodes barrybrowni from one or both of its western Atlantic congeners, Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus , are tabulated in Table 3 and summarized below. Scorpaenodes barrybrowni usually has a shallower body (depth at dorsal-fin origin 30-32% SL vs. 32-41% SL in Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus ), usually a shallower caudal peduncle (depth 9-10% SL vs. 10-12% SL), two large round pores below the suborbital ridge (vs. several small pores), an incomplete lateral line comprising 8-10 pored scales (vs. a complete lateral line comprising 22-25 pored scales), and more caudal-fin rays (25-27 vs. usually 23-24). Interorbital, coronal, and upper posttemporal spines were not observed in Scorpaenodes barrybrowni , but all three are generally present in Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and the interorbital and coronal (and sometimes the upper posttemporal) are present in Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus . Furthermore, Scorpaenodes barrybrowni has more slender gill rakers than the short, stubby elements of Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus ; and the pseudobranch of Scorpaenodes barrybrowni is poorly formed, with fat, sausage-like lamellae vs. a very well-organized, comb-like pseudobranch in Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus . Color pattern of Scorpaenodes barrybrowni is distinct from that of Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus in many aspects (Fig. 2), but notably from the former in generally being bright orange (vs. mostly brown to reddish-brown) and from the latter in having yellow pigment on the pectoral fin. Finally, Scorpaenodes barrybrowni inhabits depths of 95-160 m vs. <35 m for Scorpaenodes caribbaeus and 8-82 m for Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus ( Robertson and Van Tassell 2015).

Additional characters that differentiate Scorpaenodes barrybrowni from Scorpaenodes caribbaeus include fewer soft dorsal-fin rays (8 in Scorpaenodes barrybrowni vs. 9 in Scorpaenodes caribbaeus ); usually fewer pectoral-fin rays (16-17 vs. 17-20); absence of secondary suborbital spines (vs. usually 1 or more), different vertebral counts (8 precaudal + 16 caudal vs. 9 + 15), fewer spine-associated cirri on head ( Scorpaenodes barrybrowni lacks cirri associated with postocular, tympanic, supraclethral, and lower posttemporal spines, Scorpaenodes caribbaeus has cirri associated with most spines on the head). Scorpaenodes barrybrowni is smaller, reaching approximately 47 mm SL vs. 85 mm SL in Scorpaenodes caribbaeus .

Additional characters that distinguish Scorpaenodes barrybrowni from Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus include more suborbital spines (4-5 in Scorpaenodes barrybrowni vs. usually 2, occasionally 1 or 3, in Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus ) and fewer soft dorsal-fin rays (8 vs. 9). Both species reach a similar maximum size (47 vs. 45 mm SL).

Comparative material examined.

Scorpaenodes caribbaeus , 15 specimens, 20.1-63.7 mm. BAHAMAS: USNM 415441, Smithsonian DNA number BAH 10006, 43.3 mm SL, BAH 10-01, Berry Islands, Great Stirrup Cay, 25.8261°N, 77.9189°W, 6-9 m, 7 August 2010, C. Baldwin, A. Driskell, L. Lang; USNM 415442, Smithsonian DNA number BAH 10007, 29.4 mm SL, BAH 10-01, Berry Islands, Great Stirrup Cay, 25.8261°N, 77.9189°W, 6-9 m, 7 August 2010, C. Baldwin, A. Driskell, L. Lang. BELIZE: USNM 404029, Smithsonian DNA number BLZ10029, 25.5 mm SL, CB10-02, Shallow spur and groove off north side of Carrie Bow Cay, 16.8007°N, 88.0783°W, 0-12 m, 11 November 2010, C. Baldwin, M. Fagan-Halloran; USNM 415314, Smithsonian DNA number BLZ 8313, 27.1 mm SL, CB 08-29, Sand bores ~ 3 miles southwest of Carrie Bow Cay, 16.7718°N, 88.1117°W, 0-9 m, 24 May 2008, C. Baldwin, Z. Foltz, D. Smith; USNM 415248, Smithsonian DNA number BLZ 8176, 32.9 mm SL, CB 08-17, Whale Shoals, South Cut, in and out of reef, 16.7598°N, 88.0761°W, 0-5 m, 20 May 2008, C. Baldwin, Z. Foltz, L. Weigt; USNM 415016, Smithsonian DNA number BLZ 7156, 33.5 mm SL, CB 07-14, Outer ridge east of Carrie Bow Cay, 21-23 m, 16 January 2007, D. Miller, J. Mounts; USNM 421926, Smithsonian DNA number BLZ 8358, 48.1 mm SL, CB 08-32, Tobacco Cay, 16.8899°N, 88.0649°W, 0-5 m, 25 May 2008, C. Baldwin, Z. Foltz, D. Smith, L. Weigt. CURAÇAO: USNM 413616, Smithsonian DNA number CUR 8209, 46.8 mm SL, CUR 08-04, Boca Sami, 12.1487°N, 68.9994°W, 0-3 m, 13 March 2008, C. Baldwin, L. Weigt; USNM 414799, Smithsonian DNA number CUR 12259, 25.6 mm SL, CUR12-03, Klein Curaçao, northwest tip of island, 6-15 m, 11 August 2012, C. Baldwin, A. Driskell; USNM 413818, Smithsonian DNA number CUR 12260, 20.1 mm SL, CUR12-03, Klein Curaçao, northwest tip of island, 6-15 m, 11 August 2012, C. Baldwin, A. Driskell. PANAMA: USNM 81619, Holotype, 63.7 mm SL, Toro Point, Canal Zone, Atlantic at Colon, 19 May 1911, S. Meek, S. Hildebrand. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: USNM 413274, Smithsonian DNA number Smithsonian DNA number TOB 9097, 50.8 mm SL, TOB 09-04, Tobago, Store Bay, 11.1558°N, 60.8423°W, 5-9 m, 16 March 2009, C. Baldwin, L. Weigt, D. Smith; USNM 413273, Smithsonian DNA number TOB 9096, 55.1 mm SL, TOB 09-04, Tobago, Store Bay, 11.1558°N, 60.8423°W, 5-9 m, 16 March 2009, C. Baldwin, L. Weigt, D. Smith. TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS: USNM 414116, Smithsonian DNA number TCI 9394, 41 mm SL, TCI 09-09, South Caicos, East Bay, 21.5374°N, 71.4801°W, 0-5 m, 9 October 2009, J. Williams, C. Castillo, M. Fagan-Halloran, B. Holt, B. Matulis; USNM 414115, Smithsonian DNA number TCI 9393, 45 mm SL, TCI 09-09, South Caicos, East Bay, 21.5374°N, 71.4801°W, 0-5 m, 9 October 2009, J. Williams, C. Castillo, M. Fagan-Halloran, B. Holt, B. Matulis.

Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus , 13 specimens, 20.7-44.8 mm. BAHAMAS: USNM 415463, Smithsonian DNA number BAH 10048, 35.3 mm SL, BAH 10-07, Berry Islands, Great Stirrup Cay, 25.8261°N, 77.9189°W, 9 m, 9 August 2010, C. Baldwin, A. Driskell, J. Lang; USNM 415512, Smithsonian DNA number BAH 10140, 26.7 mm SL, BAH 10-11, Berry Islands, Chub Cay, 25.3993°N, 77.8909°W, 21-24 m, 11 August 2010, C. Baldwin, A. Driskell. BELIZE: USNM 415200, Smithsonian DNA number BLZ 8037, 24.7 mm SL, CB 08-02, Curlew, outer ridge, 16.7900°N, 88.0781°W, 5-8 m, 15 May 2008, C. Baldwin, Z. Foltz, L. Weigt; USNM 415331, BLZ 8359, 29.3 mm SL, CB 08-32, Tobacco Cay, 16.8899°N, 88.0649°W, 0-5 m, 25 May 2008, C. Baldwin, Z. Foltz, D. Smith, L. Weigt. BONAIRE: USNM 216451, Paralectotype, 36.1 mm SL, Dutch West Indies, Bonaire, 1904, J. Boeke. CURAÇAO: USNM 413408, Smithsonian DNA number CUR 8204, 28.1 mm SL, CUR 08-04, Boca Sami, 12.1487°N, 68.9994°W, 0-3 m, 13 March 2008, C. Baldwin, L. Weigt; USNM 413812, Smithsonian DNA number CUR 12261, 25.3 mm SL, CUR12-03, Klein Curaçao, northwest tip of island, 11.9985°N, 68.6513°W, 6-15 m, 11 August 2012, C. Baldwin, A. Driskell; USNM 413836, Smithsonian DNA number CUR 12178, 20.7 mm SL, CUR12-02, Klein Curaçao, southwest tip of island, 11.9758°N, 68.6462°W, 0-3 m, 11 August 2012, D. R. Robertson, C. Castillo, P. Mace. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: USNM 319121, 37.7 mm SL, JTW 90-10, Tobago, Buccoo Reef, outer reef slope, 11.1850°N, 60.8228°W, 14 m, 10 September 1990, J. Williams, J. Howe, G. Johnson, S. Blum, M. Nizinski, T. Munroe; USNM 413271, Smithsonian DNA number TOB 9098, 33.7 mm SL, TOB 09-04, Tobago, Store Bay, 11.1558°N, 60.8423°W, 5-9 m, 16 March 2009, C. Baldwin, L. Weigt, D. Smith. TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS: USNM 411912, Smithsonian DNA number TCI 9036, 22.8 mm SL, TCI 09-01, South Caicos, East Bay, 21.4919°N, 71.5176°W, 0-2 m, 7 October 2009, C. Baldwin, J. Williams, L. Weigt, C. Castillo, M. Fagan-Halloran, B. Holt, B. Matulis. UNITED STATES, FLORIDA: USNM 108875, 38.3 mm SL, South of Tortugas, 82 m, 14 July 1915, W. Longley; USNM 108876, 44.8 mm SL, South of Tortugas, 82 m, 14 July 1915, W. Longley.