Simulium (Nevermannia) armoricanum Doby and David, 1961

Crosskey, Roger W. & Crosskey, Margaret E., 2000, An investigation of the black ¯ y fauna of Andalusia, southern Spain (Diptera: Simuliidae), Journal of Natural History 34 (6), pp. 895-951 : 920-924

12. Simulium (Nevermannia) armoricanum Doby and David

Spain references: Carlsson (1969, as Eusimulium latipes , in part), Beaucournu-Saguez (1975b, as S. (Eusimulium) armoricanum ), GonzaÂlez PenÄa et al. (1986), GonzaÂlez PenÄa (1990), VincËon and Clergue-Gazeau (1993), GonzaÂlez (1997).

Andalusia records

Authors’ material. Site 62: 9 pupae, 42 larvae.

Other specimens seen. Granada: 4 pupae, 32 larvae, Sierra Nevada, N slope of Veleta , 2200/ 2400 m [ VG60 ], 25/26/ 30.vii.1960 (Vockeroth) ( CNC) [misident.`Eusimulium latipes ’ (part) in Carlsson, 1969] .

Previous reports. Granada: Sierra Nevada , a‚uent of RõÂo Grande [VG80] (ref. Clergue-Gazeau and VincËon, 1993); N slope of Veleta (ref. Carlsson, 1969 as `latipes ’ in part, see above). Also recorded from Sierra Morena adjacent to Andalusia, namely Ciudad Real: Arroyo Cereceda, headwater of RõÂo Yeguas (UH87354 5) (refs GonzaÂlez PenÄa et al., 1986; GonzaÂlez PenÄa, 1990). (Also Carlsson, 1969: see data for specimens seen.)

Remarks

In France and Britain this species is not notably orophilic but in southern Spain it is montane, having been found only at high altitudes (2000±2400 m) in the Sierra Nevada. Three closely similar species of the S. (Nevermannia) vernum species-group with`horned’ pupal cocoon occur in streams of the Sierra Nevada , S. armoricanum , S. carthusiense and S. cryophilum , and can easily be confused. Our examination of aquatic-stage material identi®ed by Carlsson (1969) as Eusimulium latipes (using this speci®c name in the misidenti®ed sense of pre-1972 authors) showed that it is a mixture of S. armoricanum and S. carthusiense . Pupae of S. armoricanum , however, can be distinguished from those of S. carthusiense and S. cryophilum by the four gill ®laments forming a tight fascicle and being carried on a long common stalk (®gure 26). The cocoon is unusual among members of the group in being thickened along the back and on the median projection (`horn’) into solid lumps in which little or no threadwork can be seen.

13. Simulium (Nevermannia) carthusiense Grenier and Dorier Spain references: Grenier and Bertrand (1954, as Simulium sp. ), Grenier and Dorier (1959),

Carlsson (1969, as Eusimulium latipes , in part), Beaucournu-Saguez (1975a, as

S. (Eusimulium) carthusiense ), GonzaÂlez PenÄa (1990), VincËon and Clergue-Gazeau (1993),

GonzaÂlez (1997).

Andalusia records

Authors’ material. Site 61: 3 pupae, 8 larvae. Site 62: 40 pupae, 48 larvae. Site 63: 1 pupa.

Other specimens seen. Granada: 19 pupae, 15 larvae, Sierra Nevada, N slope of Veleta , 2200/ 2400 m [ VG60 ], 25/ 30.vii.1960 (Vockeroth) ( CNC) [misident.`Eusimulium latipes ’ (part) in Carlsson, 1969] .

Previous reports. Granada: Sierra Nevada, Val TreveÂlez, RõÂo Puerta de TreveÂlez [VF79] (refs Grenier and Bertrand, 1954 as `Simulium sp. Dorier et Frechet 1945’, Grenier and Dorier, 1959 as carthusiense ); Barranco de las Viboras [VG51] and stream N of Veleta [VG60] (ref. Beaucournu-Saguez, 1975a); RõÂo Monachil [VG60], RõÂo MulhaceÂn [VG70] and a‚uent of RõÂo Grande [VG80] (ref. VincËon and Clergue- Gazeau, 1993). (Also Carlsson, 1969; see data for specimens seen.)

Remarks

In Andalusia this species is con®ned to high-altitude streams (1600±2400 m) in the Sierra Nevada. It is extremely similar to other species of S. vernum species-group in which the pupal gill has four non-spreading ®laments and the cocoon has a median projection (`horn’), and distinguishing the pupae of S. carthusiense from those of S. cryophilum is di cult. The following three characters together help in pupal discrimination:

S. carthusiense : thoracic trichomes branched (bi®d or tri®d) [length 270 Mm: Grenier and Dorier, 1959]; thoracic microtubercles irregularly shaped and armed with minute pimples (®gure 28); upper pair of gill ®laments in the strictly vertical plane (®gure 25).

S. cryophilum (syn. brevicaulis): thoracic trichomes very long and simple (unbranched) [length 430 Mm: Dorier and Grenier, 1961]; thoracic microtubercles smoothly circular, discoid; upper pair of gill ®laments in an oblique plane at the base (®gure 24) [not evident in all pupae].

The larva of S. carthusiense can be distinguished from that of S. cryophilum (also S. armoricanum and S. vernum Macquart ) by the much deeper helmet-shaped postgenal cleft that reaches fully half way towards the base of the hypostomium (®gure 29).

Grenier and Dorier’s type specimens of S. carthusiense are in the Universite Joseph Fourier in Grenoble. We have seen three slides from this material. They show the cocoon, pupal gills, parts of the cephalothorax and dissected parts of the larval head (including the postgenal cleft). Our specimens conform to the characters shown by these slides. The data on each slide are`Prov. le CernonÐLabo 13.5.58’, conforming to the place name`le Cernon’ and one of two dates in the description. The slides are part of the material cited as`paedotypes’ in the original description (Grenier and Dorier, 1959: 220).

14. Simulium (Nevermannia) cryophilum (Rubtsov) (complex) Spain references: Grenier and Bertrand (1954, as latipes ), Grenier and Dorier (1959, as latipes

for`CordilleÁre beÂtique’), Beaucournu-Saguez (1975a, 1975b, as S. ( Eusimulium )

cryophilum ), GonzaÂlez PenÄa et al. (1987), GonzaÂlez PenÄa (1990), VincËon and Clergue-

Gazeau (1993), GonzaÂlez (1997).

Andalusia records

Authors’ material. Site 1: 1 larva. Site 15: 2 pupae, 1 larva. Site 17: 1 pupa, 4 larvae. Site 18: 1 pupa, 9 larvae. Site 23: 2 larvae. Site 28: 2 pupae, 34 larvae. Site 30: 2 pupae, 6 larvae. Site 49: 1 pupa, 3 larvae. Site 51: 1 (l1), 2m (1), 36 pupae, 63 larvae. Site 52: 2 larvae. Site 54: 1 pupa, 2 larvae. Site 61: 1 (l1), 4m (1), 59 pupae, 114 larvae. Site 62: 6 pupae. Site 63: 1 (l1), 1m (1), 9 pupae, 28 larvae. Site 65: 6 pupae, 60 larvae. Site 66: 4 larvae. Site 67: 1 pupa (pharate l). Site 97: 50 larvae. Site 99: 4 pupae, 1 larva. Site 116: 2 pupae, 2 larvae. Site 118: 3 pupae, 3 larvae (18.v.1986), 16 pupae, 51 larvae (23.iii.1996). Site 119: 56 pupae, 54 larvae (18.v.1986), 1 (l 1), 1m (1), 14 pupae, 15 larvae (31.v.1986), 5 (l1), 2m (1), 53 pupae, 186 larvae (8.iv.1994), 1 (l1), 1m (1), 36 pupae, 38 larvae (23.iii.1996). Site 120: 2 pupae, 26 larvae (23.iii.1996). Site 121: 50 pupae, 53 larvae (18.v.1986), 3 pupae, 38 larvae (8.iv.1994), 2 pupae, 26 larvae (23.iii.1996). Site 123: 4 pupae, 51 larvae. Site 124: 1, l 10 pupae, 115 larvae. Site 126: 3 pupae, 26 larvae. Site 128: 7 pupae, 46 larvae. Site 131: 1m (1), 7 pupae, 10 larvae. Site 132: 12 pupae, 18 larvae. Site 136: 1 pupa, 1 larva (24.iii.1996).

Previous reports. Malaga: RõÂo Genal, Igualeja (UF1055) (refs GonzaÂlez PenÄa et al., 1987; GonzaÂlez PenÄa, 1990). AlmerõÂa; Sierra de Filabres [WG42]; JaeÂn: Sierra de Almaden [VG57], Granada: Sierra de Sagra [WH30, WH40] and Sierra Nevada [VF58, VG60, VG80] (ref. VincËon and Clergue-Gazeau, 1993).

[The report by Grenier and Bertrand (1954) of `S. latipes ’ ( Granada: Rio Juntillas, Val TreÂvelez [VF79] and Rio Puerta de Jerez [VF79]) almost certainly applies to cryophilum ; this cannot be con®rmed as the material has not been located in the Institut Pasteur, Paris, and is probably lost (F. Rodhain, personal communication).]

Remarks

Simulium cryophilum is by far the most abundant member of the S. vernum species-group in Spain. Unlike S. carthusiense it is not con®ned to very high mountains and in Andalusia is found widely in a variety of habitats; nevertheless, it can be found in the high streams of the Sierra Nevada to an altitude of 2500 m. Pupae are very like those of several other species of the group but a feature that can assist in reliable recognition lies in the thoracic trichomes, which are unbranched and exceptionally long.

Simulium cryophilum exists in Germany in two cytoforms (Hunter, 1987), both of which have recently been recognized in Sweden and considered to be separate sibling species (Adler et al., 1998). No cytological studies have been made in Spain but it is possible that populations here, too, are comprised of at least two isomorphic species.