Xanthoparmelia species

Jayalal, Udeni, Divakar, Pradeep K., Joshi, Santosh, Oh, Soon Ok & Hur, Jae-Seoun, 2014, Overview of Xanthoparmelia taxa from South Korea including the description of two new species (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota), Phytotaxa 181 (2), pp. 96-109 : 104-106

Other Xanthoparmelia species already recorded from South Korea

Xanthoparmelia claviculata Kurok., J. Jap. Bot. 64: 296 (1989)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, this species occurs on rock surfaces at lower elevations between 5–300 m. It is also known from Japan and Taiwan ( Kurokawa 1989b).

Specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Gyeongnam Prov.: Saryang Island , 105 m, 34°50’N, 128°10’E, J. S. Hur 070031 ; Gyeongnam Prov.: Namhae beach, 16 m, 34°43’N, 127°53’E, X.Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110233 ; Gyeongnam Prov.: Mt. Mangeun , 175 m, 34°51’N, 127°49’E, X.Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110165 .

Remarks: —The presence of isidia, a brown lower surface and the production of usnic acid and norlobaridone are the main characteristics for distinguishing this species.According to Kurokawa (1989b), X. claviculata is closely resembles with X. amplexula (Stirt.) Elix et al. (1986: 192) , but the latter species has slender, simple, and cylindrical isidia.

Xanthoparmelia aff. conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale, Phytologia 28: 485 (1974)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, it occurs at low elevations, up to 10 m. It is widespread and recorded from all continents except Australia.

Specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Jeonam Prov. : Heuksan Island, 5 m, 34°39’N, 125°26’E, X.Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110557 .

Remarks: —This isidiate species is characterized by the presence of a black lower surface and in containing both stictic and norstictic acids in the medulla. Xanthoparmelia piedmontensis (Hale) Hale (1974: 488) is similar, but contains fumarprotocetraric acid ( Hale 1990). In our molecular phylogenetic tree X. conspersa do not form a monophyletic cluster; the samples from South Korea are clustered in clade A while the material from Europe are grouped in clade C, indicating that South Korean specimen may belong to a distinct cryptic lineage.

Xanthoparmelia coreana (Gyeln.) Hale, Mycotaxon 33: 402 (1988)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, specimens of this species generally occur on rock, although they are occasionally found on tree bark at low to high elevation (up to 1490 m). This species also occurs in Japan ( Hale 1990).

Additional specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Gyeongnam Prov.: Udong coast, 79 m, 34°37’N, 128°14’E, S.O. Oh, U. Jayalal, J.S. Park & J.A. Ryu 120768. Jeonam Prov.: Geumil Island , 1 m, 34°20’N, 127°02’E, U. Jayalal, J.S. Park & J.A. Ryu 120260 . Gyeongnam Prov.: Saryang Island , on bark, 76 m, 34°50’N, 128°10’E, J.S. Hur 070030 . Chungnam Prov.: Mt. Palbong , 194 m, 36°48’N, 126°22’E, J.S. Hur 061228 .

Remarks: —This isidiate species is characterized by the presence of a brown to dark brown lower surface, a weakly maculate upper surface and by the presence of salazinic acid in the medulla. Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale (1974: 488) is similar to X. coreana , but has a pale brown lower surface, subirregular lobes, and an emaculate upper surface ( Hale 1990). X. orientalis is also similar but has black lower surface and coralloid isidia with a non-constricted base.

Xanthoparmelia hirosakiensis (Gyeln.) Kurok., J. Jap. Bot. 64: 289 (1989)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, the species occurs across a broad range of elevations, from ca. 10 m to 1700 m. It has also been recorded from Japan and China ( Hale 1990).

Additional specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Kangwon Prov.: Mt. Sorak, 745 m, 38°09’N, 128°27’E, Y. Joshi, X.Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 090860. Chungbuk Prov.: Mt. Cheontae , Nae–dong, 780 m, 36°09’N, 127°36’E, J.S. Hur 061219. Jeonam Prov. : Wando Arboretum, 535 m, 34°21’N, 126°41’E, J.S. Hur 050141. Jeju Island, 10 m, 33°30’N, 126°30’E, J.S. Hur, X.Y. Wang, J.A. Ryu & J.Y. Hur 090084 .

Remarks: — X. hirosakiensis is characterized by the presence of simple or coralloid branched isidia, a pale brown lower surface and the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid in the medulla. X.hirosakiensis closely resembles X.subramigera but it has a darker lower surface than X. subramigera . Hale (1990) synonymized X. hirosakiensis with X. subramigera , but Wang et al. (2008), concluded that these two species are in fact distinct, which is supported here by molecular data.

Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale, Phytologia 28: 488 (1974)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, this species occurs at mid elevations (500–1400 m). It is cosmopolitan ( Hale 1990).

Additional specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Jeonbuk Prov.: Mt. Jiri , 1430 m, 35°18’N, 127°34’E, J.S. Hur 060292 .

Remarks: — X. mexicana is characterized with the presence of simple to coralloid branched isidia, a pale brown lower surface and the presence of salazinic and norstictic acids in the medulla.

Xanthoparmelia orientalis Kurok., J. Jap. Bot. 64: 169 (1989)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, a few specimens of this species were found at low (5 m) to mid elevation (600 m). It is also known from Japan and Taiwan ( Kurokawa 1989a).

Additional specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Jeonam Prov.: Hacho Island, 1 m, 34°16’N, 126°03’E, X. Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110916. Chungnam Prov.: Mt. Palbong , 335 m, 36°48’N, 126°22’E, J.S. Hur 061225. Gyungbuk Prov. : Mt. Gongdeok , 606 m, 36°44’N, 128°15’E, J.S. Hur 070784 .

Remarks: —This species is characterized by the presence of simple to coralloid branched isidia, a black lower surface and the presence of salazinic acid in the medulla. Xanthoparmelia coreana is closely related but differs in having a brown lower surface and coralloid isidia with a constricted base.

Xanthoparmelia saxeti (Stizenb.) Amo de Paz et al. , Australian Systematic Botany 23:182 (2010)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea this species occurs at low (5 m) elevations. It is widely distributed in subtropical regions ( Hale 1990).

Additional specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Jeonam Prov.: Dolsan Island, 10 m, 34°41’N, 127°46’E, J. S. Hur & J.A. Ryu 060001. Gyeongnam Prov.: Geoje Island , 1 m, 34°51’N, 128°44’E, X.Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110100. Gyeongnam Prov.: Changseon Island , 2 m, 34°50’N, 127°58’E, X.Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110253. Jeonam Prov. : Bogil Island , 19 m, 34°07’N, 126°30’E, X.Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110678 .

Remarks: —This species characterized by the presence of simple, globose to cylindrical isidia, a black lower surface, and the presence of stictic acid in the medulla. This species was first reported for South Korea by Lim et al., 2006. South Korean samples of this species are grouped in a monophyletic clade together with samples from other regions (Suppl. Fig. 1 ).

Xanthoparmelia subramigera (Gyeln.) Hale, Phytologia 28: 489 (1974)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, only few specimens were found at low (10 m) to mid elevations (1400 m). It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions ( Hale 1990).

Additional specimens examined: — SOUTH KOREA. Jeonam Prov.: Palgeum Island, 1 m, 35°47’N, 126°10’E, X. Y. Wang & J.A. Ryu 110397. Gyeongnam Prov.: Mt. Baekun , 903 m, 35°36’N, 127°39’E, X. Y. Wang, H.S. Jeon & G.S. Han 100437. Chungbuk Prov.: Mt. Joryeong , 967 m, 36°49’N, 128°02’E, J.S. Hur 061101. Gyeongnam Prov.: Mt. Gaya , 1190 m, 35°48’N, 128°07’E, J.S. Hur 060132 .

Remarks: —This species is characterized by the presence of cylindrical isidia, a brown to pale brown lower surface and the presence of succinprotocetraric and fumarprotoceraric acids in the medulla. It closely resembles X. hirosakiensis but the latter has a darker lower surface.

Xanthoparmelia tuberculiformis Kurok., J. Jap. Bot. 64: 291 (1989)

Ecology and distribution: —In South Korea, this species occurs at mid (800 m) to high elevations (1600 m). It has also been recorded from Japan and Nepal ( Kurokawa 1989b).

Additional specimens examined:— SOUTH KOREA. Gangwon Prov.: Mt. Taebaek , 1617 m, 37°05’N, 128°56’E, J.S. Hur 041142 . Jeonbuk Prov.: Mt. Deokyu , 1440 m, 35°50’N, 127°44’E, J.S. Hur 050193 . Jeonbuk Prov.: Mt. Mai , 810 m, 35°48’N, 127°23’E, J.S. Hur 050435 .

Remarks:— X. tuberculiformis Kurokawa (1989b: 291) is characterized by the presence of simple to coralloid branched isidia, a black lower surface and the presence of protocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids in the medulla. Xanthoparmelia hirosakiensis is similar but has a brown lower surface.

Five further Xanthoparmelia species including X. botryoides Kurokawa (1989b: 293) , X. piedmontensis , X. plittii (Gyeln.) Hale (1974: 488) , X. stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksworth (2005: 363) , and X. subpolyphylloides (Gyeln.) Kurokawa (1991: 159) have been reported in South Korea ( Cho & Lee 1980, Huneck et al. 1989, Park 1990, Ko 1992, Moon 1999, Hur et al. 2005, Wang et al. 2008). Since voucher specimens of those species were not available for study, we cannot confirm their presence but included them in the identification key below. The new species are bolded in the identification key.

Figures

FIGURE 1. The 50% majority-rule consensus tree of the molecular phylogenetic relationships of South Korean Xanthoparmelia species, based on 18000 trees from a B/MCMC tree-sampling procedure of ITS ribosomal DNA dataset of the “focal-group”.Posterior probabilities ≥ 0.50 are given above the branches, and values below the branches are ML bootstrap values ≥ 50%. Branches that received strong support in any of the two analyses (≥ 70% in RaxML and ≥ 0.95 in B/MCMC) are in boldface.