Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth, 2024

de Almeida, Rafael F., de Morais, Isa L., Alves-Silva, Thais, Antonio-Domingues, Higor & Pellegrini, Marco O. O., 2024, A new classification system and taxonomic synopsis for Malpighiaceae (Malpighiales, Rosids) based on molecular phylogenetics, morphology, palynology, and chemistry, PhytoKeys 242, pp. 69-138 : 69-138

1.2. 2. Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 5: 147. 1821 [1822].

Figs 3 F, L , 6 A , 7 O , 8 C, J , 9 K , 10 E – G

= Alcoceratothrix Nied. , Arbeiten Bot. Inst. Königl. Lyceums Hosianum Braunsberg 1: 45. 1901. Type species: Alcoceratothrix rugosa (Benth.) Nied. (≡ Byrsonima rugosa Benth. ).

Type species.

Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) DC.

Notes.

Byrsonima currently comprises 164 accepted species (49 threatened species; Suppl. material 1) of trees, shrubs, or subshrubs endemic to most biomes of the Neotropical region from swamps in the State of Florida ( USA) to rainforests, savannas, dry forests, and grasslands of Southern Brazil ( Almeida et al. 2020; POWO 2024). Two subgenera are currently recognised in Byrsonima (subg. Byrsonima and subg. Macrozeugma Nied.), but neither is monophyletic ( Francener 2016). There is no updated identification key for all species of Byrsonima , but for regional treatments, see Anderson (1981) for the Guyana Highland, Almeida et al. (2020) for Brazil, Pool (in prep.) for Mesoamerica, and Anderson (2016) for North America.

Figures

Figure 3. Phyllotaxis, stipules, and petioles of Malpighiaceae A branch with opposite leaves of Bronwenia megaptera B branch with decussate leaves of Verrucularina glaucophylla C branch with alternate leaves of Stigmaphyllon angustilobum D branch with verticillate leaves of Pterandra pyroidea E interpetiolar stipules of Mascagnia cordifolia F epipetiolar stipules of Byrsonima intermedia G free stipules of Hiraea hatschbachii H connate stipules of Peixotoa catarinensis I transverse section of a circular petiole J transverse section of a plane-convex petiole K transverse section of a canaliculate petiole L leaf with very reduced petiole of Byrsonima basiloba M leaf with short petiole of Banisteriopsis adenopoda N leaf with long petiole of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola O alternate glands on the petiole of Banisteriopsis membranifolia P opposite to alternate glands on the petiole of Schwannia mediterranea Q subopposite glands on the petiole of Banisteriopsis membranifolia R discoid and sessile gland of Banisteriopsis laevifolia S cupuliform and stalked glands of Banisteriopsis adenopoda (line drawings and photographs A – C, G, I – K, L – O, Q – S by R. F. Almeida; D by C. Silva, E, F, H, P by M. O. O. Pellegrini).

Figure 6. Compound inflorescences of Malpighiaceae A thyrse of 1 - flowered cincinni of Byrsonima sericea B corymb of 1 - flowered cincinni of Mascagnia cordifolia C umbel of 1 - flowered cincinni of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla D line drawing of an inflorescence of Stigmaphyllon angustilobum showing 1 - flowered cincinni arranged in umbels (1 st order inflorescence), arranged in dichasia (2 nd order inflorescence), arranged in a thyrse (3 rd order inflorescence) E photograph of the inflorescence branch of Stigmaphyllon angustilobum (photographs B, C by M. O. O. Pellegrini; A, E by R. F. Almeida; line drawing D by K. Souza).

Figure 7. Flowers of Malpighiaceae A side view of the flower of Amorimia coriacea showing the cincinnus peduncle with a bract at base and two bracteoles at apex B detail of the 2 - glandular bracteoles of Glicophyllum cardiophyllum C details of the glandular margin of the bracteole of Christianella multiglandulosa D bracteoles of Mezia araujoi concealing the floral bud at pre-anthesis (floral pedicel is absent) E floral bud of Niedenzuella multiglandulosa, showing a very short peduncle with a bract at base and two bracteoles at apex F flower of Banisteriopsis laevifolia showing pedicel with bract and bracteoles at base (peduncle absent) G plane and patent bract and bracteoles of Alicia anisopetala H cucullate bract and bracteoles of Dicella bracteosa I deflexed bract and bracteoles of Dicella nucifera J eglandular sepals concealing petals at pre-anthesis in Thryallis longifolia K 1 - glandular calyx of Hiptage benghalensis L 10 - glandular calyx of Camarea axillaris M 8 - glandular calyx of Christianella multiglandulosa showing the multi-glandular margin of sepals N erect sepals of Galphimia australis O revolute apex of sepals of Byrsonima basiloba P revolute and reflexed sepals of Thryallis longifolia Q floral diagram of a Malpighiaceae flower with sepals in green, sepal glands in red, lateral petals in yellow, posterior petal in brown, androecium in blue (connectives) and white (pollen sacs), and gynoecium in pink (diagram and photographs B, E, F, H, K, L, N, O, Q by R. F. Almeida; A – D, G, M by M. O. O. Pellegrini; I by Amaury Jr.; J, P by J. V. Santos).

Figure 8. Sepals, glands, and petals of Malpighiaceae flowers A sepals with rounded apex of Hiptage benghalensis and sessile sepal gland B sepals with acute apex of Christianella multiglandulosa and sessile sepal glands C sepals with acute apex of Byrsonima gardneriana and sessile sepal glands D stalked sepal glands of Heladena multiflora E white petals of Acmanthera latifolia F pale yellow glands of Bunchosia glandulifera G yellow glands of Mcvaughia sergipana H pale green glands of Bronwenia megaptera I green glands of Camarea axillaris J yellow and deflexed petals of Byrsonima sericea K white glands of Acmanthera parviflora L pink glands of Heteropterys rubiginosa M brown glands of Amorimia pellegrinii N red glands of Niedenzuella poeppigiana O yellow and patent petals of Ptilochaeta bahiensis P oval petal limb of Galphimia gracilis Q elliptic petal limb of Heteropterys oberdanii R obovate petal limb of Bronwenia megaptera S pubescent petal surface of Diplopterys bahiana T orange-red petals of Tetrapterys phlomoides U entire margin of the petal of Heteropterys oberdanii V erose margin of the petal of Bronwenia megaptera W fimbriate margin of the petal of Schwannia schwannioides X dentate margin of the petal of Peixotoa hispidula Y glandular-fimbriate margin of the petal of Alicia anisopetala Z lilac petals of Mascagnia lilacina (A, C, F – H, I, J, L – S, U – W by R. F. Almeida; B, N, T, Y by M. O. O. Pellegrini; D by A. Francener; E by R. Goldenberg; Z by O. J. A. Ayala).

Figure 9. Androecium and gynoecium of Malpighiaceae A stamen of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata showing filament in green, anther in orange, glandular connective in blue, and pollen sacs in yellow B scanning electron micrograph of an anther of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata C SEM of a pollen grain of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata showing colpi in blue and endoaperture in red D heteromorphic stamen ring with 10 fertile stamens of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata E homomorphic stamen ring of Bronwenia megaptera with 10 fertile stamens F heteromorphic stamen ring of Peixotoa hispidula showing 5 fertile stamens and 5 staminodes in yellow G 6 fertile and free stamens of Schwannia hexandra H gynoecium of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata showing ovary in lilac, styles in blue and stigmas in yellow I uncinate apex of styles of Amorimia septentrionalis J truncate style apex of Amorimia rigida K subulate apex of style of Byrsonima sericea L 3 parallel and erect styles of Bronwenia megaptera M single curved style of Schwannia hexandra N 3 divergent styles of Stigmaphyllon blanchetii with foliate apices O 3 erect, slightly curved, and pubescent styles of Diplopterys lutea P 3 divergent styles of Stigmaphyllon lalandianum with reduced foliate apices Q 3 divergent styles of Stigmaphyllon glabrum without foliate apex (all line drawings by K. Souza; SEMs by R. F. Almeida; all scales: 1 mm, except for the pollen grain: 10 µm).

Figure 10. Types of fleshy fruits, nuts, and smooth to setose schizocarpic fruits in Malpighiaceae A transversely sliced drupe of Bunchosia maritima showing seeds B transversely sliced nut of Dicella nucifera showing the seed C nuts of Dicella bracteosa D nuts of Dicella macroptera E green drupe of Byrsonima blanchetiana F cream-coloured drupe of Byrsonima ligustrifolia G green drupe of Byrsonima melanocarpa with concrescent sepals H orange drupe of Bunchosia glandulifera I orange drupe of Bunchosia maritima J red drupe of Malpighia glabra K reddish-orange drupe of Malpighia mexicana L green drupe of Malpighia fucata M green and twisted drupe of Mcvaughia sergipana N striated drupe of Burdachia prismatocarpa O smooth mericarp of Heladena multiflora P smooth mericarp of Galphimia gracilis Q smooth and immature mericarp of Verrucularina glaucophylla R green and smooth mericarps of Acmanthera latifolia S smooth mericarps of Thryallis longifolia with concrescent sepals T setose mericarps of Tricomaria usillo U setose mericarps of Lasiocarpus ferrugineus V setose mericarp of Camarea axillaris W setose mericarp of Echinopterys eglandulosa (photographs A, B by Amaury Jr.; C, D by A. Assis; E, H, I, M, Q, V by R. F. Almeida; F by S. E. Martins; G by N. Bigio; J by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez; K, L by M. R. Pace; N by L. S. B. Calazans; O by A. Francener; P by M. O. O. Pellegrini; R by R. Goldenberg; S by J. V. Santos; T by I. Specogna; U by A. Nuno; W by S. Carnaham).