Trissolcus scutellaris (Thomson)

Talamas, Elijah J., Buffington, Matthew L. & Hoelmer, Kim, 2017, Revision of Palearctic Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), Journal of Hymenoptera Research 56, pp. 3-185 : 53-57

Trissolcus scutellaris (Thomson) Figures 154 , 155-157 , 158-163 , 164-167

Trissolcus choaspes (Nixon) syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3200; Morphbank52

Trissolcus evanescens Kieffer syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3233; Morphbank53

Trissolcus festivae (Viktorov) syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3235; Morphbank54

Trissolcus ghorfii (Delucchi & Voegele) syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3240; Morphbank55

Trissolcus histani (Voegele) syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3243; Morphbank56

Trissolcus simoni (Mayr) syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3308; Morphbank57

Trissolcus vassilliewi (Mayr) syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3328; Morphbank58

Trissolcus volgensis (Viktorov) syn. n.; http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/3332; Morphbank59

Telenomus scutellaris Thomson, 1860: 171 (original description); Mayr, 1879: 699, 706 (description, keyed).

Telenomus Simoni Mayr, 1879: 699, 705 (original description, keyed); Mayr, 1903: 398 (description of male, emendation of Mayr (1879)).

Telenomus simonii Mayr: Dalla Torre, 1898: 519 (emendation).

Telenomus Vassilliewi Mayr, 1903: 399 (original description).

Trissolcus evanescens Kieffer syn. n., 1904: 47 (original description); Kieffer, 1926: 126, 127 (description, keyed); Dessart, 1975: 9 (type information).

Aphanurus Scutellaris (Thomson): Kieffer, 1912: 76 (description, generic transfer).

Trissolcus Evanescens Kieffer: Kieffer, 1912: 20 (description).

Trissolcus Simoni (Mayr): Kieffer, 1912: 21 (description, generic transfer).

Microphanurus scutellaris (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926: 91, 99 (description, generic transfer, keyed).

Microphanurus vassilliewi (Mayr): Kieffer, 1926: 91, 97 (description, generic transfer, keyed).

Trissolcus simoni (Mayr): Kieffer, 1926: 126, 127 (description, keyed); Meier, 1940: 79, 80 (description, keyed); Rjachovskij, 1959: 82 (keyed); Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed); Kozlov, 1968: 198, 204, 207, 210 (description, lectotype designation, synonymy, keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Fabritius, 1972: 30 (keyed); Szabó, 1975: 266 (description, lectotype designation, keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 506 (keyed); Kozlov, 1978: 632 (description); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 96 (description); Koçak & Kilinçer, 2003: 302, 303 (keyed, description); Ghahari, Buhl & Kocak, 2011: 597 (listed); Guz, Kocak & Kilincer, 2013: 87 (description, phylogenetic relationships); Petrov, 2013: 325 (keyed).

Microphanurus choaspes Nixon, 1939: 130, 131 (original description, keyed).

Microphanurus vassilievi (Mayr): Meier, 1940: 80 (description, emendation, keyed).

Trissoscelio evanescens (Kieffer): Kelner-Pillault, 1958: 152 (type information, spelling error).

Asolcus scutellaris (Thomson): Masner, 1959: 379 (diagnosis, variation); Kozlov, 1963: 295 (diagnosis); Viktorov, 1964: 1013, 1018 (description, keyed); Szabó, 1976: 176 (keyed).

Trissolcus (Microphanurus) vassilievi (Mayr): Rjachovskij, 1959: 83 (keyed).

Asolcus ghorfii Delucchi & Voegele: Delucchi, 1961: 44, 48 (description, keyed); Delucchi & Voegelé, 1961: 37 (original description); Voegelé, 1964: 28 (keyed); Voegelé, 1965: 111 (keyed); Baur, 2001: 67 (type information).

Asolcus simoni reticulatus Delucchi, 1961: 44, 49 (original description, keyed, synonymized by Kozlov (1968)); Kozlov, 1968: 210 (junior synonym of Trissolcus simoni (Mayr)); Baur, 2001: 67 (type information).

Asolcus vassilievi (Mayr): Delucchi, 1961: 44, 45 (description, keyed); Viktorov, 1964: 1013 (keyed); Voegelé, 1964: 28 (keyed); Voegelé, 1965: 111 (keyed).

Asolcus simoni (Mayr): Kozlov, 1963: 295 (diagnosis); Delucchi, 1963: 13 (diagnosis); Viktorov, 1964: 1013, 1016 (diagnosis, keyed); Voegelé, 1964: 28 (keyed); Voegelé, 1965: 111 (keyed).

Asolcus reticulatus Delucchi: Delucchi, 1963: 13 (diagnosis, changed to species status); Viktorov, 1964: 1015 (variation); Voegelé, 1964: 28 (keyed); Voegelé, 1965: 111, 112 (keyed).

Asolcus festivae Viktorov, 1964: 1013, 1020 (original description, keyed).

Asolcus reticulatus reticulatus (Delucchi): Viktorov, 1964: 1013 (keyed).

Asolcus reticulatus volgensis Viktorov, 1964: 1013, 1015 (original description, keyed).

Asolcus histani Voegele, 1965: 109, 111, 112 (original description, keyed).

Trissolcus scutellaris (Thomson): Viktorov, 1967: 91 (generic transfer, keyed); Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed); Kozlov, 1968: 199, 210 (diagnosis, lectotype designation, keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Fabritius, 1972: 31 (keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 510 (keyed); Kozlov, 1978: 634 (description); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 105 (description); Kononova, 1995: 95 (keyed); Petrov, 2013: 325 (keyed).

Trissolcus reticulatus reticulatus (Delucchi): Viktorov, 1967: 91 (generic transfer, keyed).

Trissolcus reticulatus volgensis (Viktorov): Viktorov, 1967: 91 (generic transfer, keyed).

Trissolcus reticulatus (Delucchi): Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed).

Trissolcus festivae (Viktorov) syn. n.: Viktorov, 1967: 91 (generic transfer, keyed); Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed); Kozlov, 1968: 199, 211 (description, keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Fabritius, 1972: 31 (keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 510 (keyed); Kozlov, 1981: 187 (keyed); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 635 (description); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 107 (description); Kononova, 1995: 95 (keyed); Ghahari, Buhl & Kocak, 2011: 595 (listed); Guz, Kocak & Kilincer, 2013: 87 (description, phylogenetic relationships); Petrov, 2013: 325 (keyed).

Trissolcus vassilievi (Mayr) syn. n.: Viktorov, 1967: 91 (generic transfer, keyed); Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed); Kozlov, 1968: 199, 208 (description, lectotype designation, keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Fabritius, 1972: 31 (keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 508 (keyed); Kozlov, 1978: 634 (description); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 103 (description); Kononova, 1995: 95 (keyed); Koçak & Kilinçer, 2003: 302, 303 (keyed, description); Ghahari, Buhl & Kocak, 2011: 598 (listed); Guz, Kocak & Kilincer, 2013: 87 (description, phylogenetic relationships); Petrov, 2013: 325 (keyed).

Trissolcus choaspes (Nixon) syn. n.: Kozlov, 1968: 199, 210 (diagnosis, keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Fabritius, 1972: 31 (keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 507 (keyed); Kozlov, 1978: 634 (description); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 102 (description); Johnson, 1992: 625 (cataloged, type information); Petrov, 2013: 325 (keyed); Kononova, 2014: 1423 (keyed); Kononova, 2015: 260 (keyed).

Trissolcus ghorfii (Delucchi & Voegele) syn. n.: Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 507 (keyed); Kozlov, 1978: 632 (description); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 99 (description).

Trissolcus histani (Voegele) syn. n.: Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 507 (keyed); Kozlov, 1978: 632 (description); Kozlov, 1981: 187 (keyed); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 99 (description).

Trissolcus volgensis (Viktorov) syn. n.: Safavi, 1968: 414 (keyed); Kozlov, 1968: 198 (change to species status, keyed); Voegelé, 1969: 149 (keyed); Fabritius, 1972: 30 (keyed); Kozlov & Lê, 1977: 506 (keyed); Kozlov, 1978: 632 (description); Kozlov & Kononova, 1983: 94 (description); Kononova, 1995: 95 (keyed); Petrov, 2013: 325 (keyed).

Lectotype designation.

The specimen selected by Kozlov as the lectotype of T. simoni (NHMW 0004) was sent to Mayr by A. Saakow in 1901 according to Mayr (1903). Because this specimen was not part of the original type series it is ineligible to be designated as a lectotype. Szabó (1975) designated a lectotype from Mayr’s syntype series, but did not indicate which of the three specimens on the pin was meant to be the lectotype. To stabilize the nomenclature, we here select one of these specimens (USNMENT01029022b, deposited in NHMW) as the lectotype.

Description.

Female body length: 0.89-1.47 mm (n=11). Male body length: 0.91-1.06 mm (n=5). Body color: head, mesosoma, and metasoma black.

Head. Color of radicle: pale brown to dark brown. Length of radicle: less than width of clypeus. Color of A1-A6 in female: variably yellow to black. Color of A7-A11 in female: pale brown to black. Number of basiconic sensilla on A6: 0. Number of basiconic sensilla on A7: 2. Facial striae: absent. Number of clypeal setae: 6. Microsculpture on gena directly above mandibular condyle: present. Shape of ventral gena in lateral view: narrow. Genal carina: present and extending dorsally to vicinity of lower margin eye. Malar striae: absent. Sculpture of malar sulcus: antero-posteriorly striate. Orbital furrow: medially delimited by ridge or carina at midpoint of eye, poorly defined or absent near intersection with malar sulcus. Macrosculpture of frons between antennal scrobe and anterior ocellus: absent; rugose; areolate. Preocellar pit: present. Setation of lateral frons: moderately dense. Punctation of lateral frons: absent; sparse; dense. Sculpture directly ventral to preocellar pit: microsculptured. Macrosculpture of lateral frons: areolate; absent; rugose. OOL: separated by less than one ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: absent. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: rugulose; absent. Microsculpture on posterior vertex along occipital carina: present. Anterior margin of occipital carina: coarsely crenulate; finely crenulate to smooth.

Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present. Macrosculpture of lateral pronotum directly anterior to netrion: finely rugulose. Netrion sulcus: complete. Pronotal suprahumeral sulcus in posterior half of pronotum: undifferentiated from sculpture of dorsal pronotum. Number of episternal foveae: 4 or more. Course of episternal foveae ventrally: abutting postacetabular sulcus. Course of episternal foveae dorsally: extending to mesopleural pit. Subacropleural sulcus: present. Speculum: transversely strigose. Mesopleural pit: extending ventrally into dorsoventral furrow parallel to mesopleural carina. Mesopleural carina: complete; well defined anteriorly, poorly defined to absent posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral depression: smooth. Setal patch at posteroventral end of femoral depression: present. Microsculpture of anteroventral mesopleuron: present throughout. Macrosculpture of anteroventral mesopleuron: absent. Postacetabular sulcus: formed by open crenulae; formed by small punctures. Mesopleural epicoxal sulcus: formed by open crenulae; formed by small punctures; present as a smooth furrow. Setation of posteroventral metapleuron: present. Sculpture of dorsal metapleural area: absent; smooth posteriorly, cells of metapleural sulcus extending posteriorly into horizontal striae. Posterodorsal metapleural sulcus: poorly defined to absent. Paracoxal sulcus in ventral half of metapleuron: indistinguishable from sculpture to absent; absent. Anteroventral extension of metapleuron: not extending to base of mesocoxa. Metapleural epicoxal sulcus: absent or indistinguishable from sculpture. Mesoscutal humeral sulcus: indicated by a line of cells. Median mesoscutal carina: absent; present. Macrosculpture of mesoscutum: rugulose; absent; longitudinally striate posteriorly, otherwise absent. Pattern of mesoscutal microsculpture: uniform throughout. Mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus: comprised of cells. Length of mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus: about half the length of anterolateral edge of mesoscutum. Parapsidal line: absent. Notaulus: extending at least 1/3 length of mesoscutum. Median protuberance on anterior margin of mesoscutellum: absent. Protruberance on anterior margin of mesoscutellum directly posterior to notaulus: present. Shape of dorsal margin of anterior lobe of axillar crescent: flat, appearing fused with lateral margin of mesoscutum. Sculpture of anterior lobe of axillar crescent: dorsoventrally strigose. Area bounded by axillar crescent: smooth. Macrosculpture of mesoscutellum: absent. Microsculpture on mesoscutellum: present throughout; absent; faintly present posteriorly. Median mesoscutellar carina: absent. Setation of posterior scutellar sulcus: absent; present. Form of metascutellum: single row of cells. Metanotal trough: foveate, foveae occupying more than half of metanotal height. Metapostnotum: invaginated near lateral edge of metascutellum. Length of postmarginal vein: between 2 and 3 times as long as stigmal vein. Color of legs: coxae dark brown to black, femora yellow to brown, trochanters and distal tarsomeres sometimes brown, legs elsewhere yellow. Anteromedial portion of metasomal depression: punctate or crenulate.

Metasoma. Longitudinal striae on T1 posterior to basal costae: present. Number of sublateral setae (on one side): 0. Setation of laterotergite 1: absent. Longitudinal striation of T2: present throughout anterior half of tergite. Setation of T2: sparsely present in posterolateral corner. Setation of laterotergite 2: present. Posteriorly directed setae on medial S1: present. Striation of S2: absent; present in anterior half of sternite not covered by laterotergites. Setation of S2: present posteromedially.

Diagnosis.

Among Palearctic species in the thyantae group, T. scutellaris is closest to T. vesta from which it may be separated by composition of the mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus, the shape of the vertex and setation of the metapleuron (see couplet 23 of the key).

Link to distribution map.

http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=3308

Associations.

emerged from egg of Eurygaster integriceps Puton: [ Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Pentatomoidea : Scutelleridae ]; emerged from egg of Eurygaster integriceps Puton: [ Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Pentatomoidea : Scutelleridae ]; egg parasite of sunn pest: [ Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Pentatomoidea ]

Material examined.

Paratypes of T. choaspes : GERMANY: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 17713, USNMENT0119670 (BMNH) . Holotype, female, T. evanescens : AUSTRIA: Wien (Vienna), Lainz , VII-1892, J. J. Kieffer, MNHN 0079 (deposited in MNHN) . Paratypes of T. festivae : RUSSIA: 1 female, 1 male, USNMENT00916329, 00916335 (ZIN) . Lectotype, female, T. Simoni : PALEARCTIC: no date, USNMENT01059022b (deposited in NHMW). Paralectotypes of T. Simoni : PALEARCTIC: 2 females, USNMENT01059022a, 01059022c (NHMW). Lectotype, female, T. Vassilliewi : PALEARCTIC: no date, G. Mayr, NHMW 0006 (deposited in NHMW). Paralectotypes of T. Vassilliewi : TURKMENISTAN: 3 females, 11 males, 7 unsexed, USNMENT00979609 (CUIC); USNMENT00916667-00916675, 01029319, 01059012-01059021 (NHMW) . Paratypes of T. volgensis : RUSSIA: 1 female, 2 males, USNMENT00916328, 00916336, 00916337 (ZIN) . Lectotype, female, T. scutellaris : SWEDEN: Smaland, no date, C. H. Boheman, NHRS-HEVA 000003871 (deposited in NHRS) . Other material: (80 females, 15 males, 15 unsexed) BULGARIA: 1 female, USNMENT00872172 (BMNH). CROATIA : 3 females, USNMENT00872407, 00916590, 00916594 (BMNH). FRANCE : 10 females, 4 males, USNMENT00916039, 00916076-00916077, 00916086, 00916128, 00916133 (BMNH); USNMENT00896125, 00896230, 00896252-00896253, 00896289, 00896329, 00896335-00896336 (CNCI). GEORGIA: 8 females, 1 male, 10 unsexed, NHMW 0004, USNMENT00916656-00916666, 01059025, 01059029-01059034 (NHMW). GREECE : 3 females, USNMENT00916055, 00916065 (BMNH); USNMENT00896233 (CNCI). HUNGARY : 1 female, OSUC 523954 (OSUC). ITALY : 3 females, 1 male, USNMENT00916091 (BMNH); USNMENT00896206-00896207, 00896209 (CNCI). MACEDONIA: 1 male, USNMENT00916595 (BMNH). MOROCCO : 13 females, 2 males, USNMENT00916999 (BMNH); USNMENT00896079-00896080, 00896083-00896086, 00896089-00896090, 00896094, 00896103, 00896106-00896107, 00896326, 00896337 (CNCI). PORTUGAL : 11 females, 1 male, USNMENT00916187, 00916189, 00916192-00916193, 00916195, 00916205, 00916218, 00916220, 00916227, 00916235, 00916240 (BMNH); USNMENT00896304 (CNCI). RUSSIA : 2 females, USNMENT00896069, 00896110 (CNCI). SOUTH KOREA : 7 females, OSUC542399-542402, 542404-542406 (OSUC). SPAIN : 4 females, USNMENT00916162, 00916164 (BMNH); USNMENT00896323-00896324 (CNCI). SWEDEN : 3 females, 2 males, NHRS-HEVA 000003872 (NHRS); USNMENT00916069, 00916072, 00916301, 00916318 (BMNH). SYRIA : 1 female, OSUC 17708 (BMNH). TURKEY : 8 females, 3 males, USNMENT00675772-00675780, 00675965-00675966 (USNM). UNKNOWN: 2 females, 5 unsexed, USNMENT00979610 (CUIC); 01059010, 01059023-01059024, 01059026-01059028 (NHMW).

Comments.

Examination of specimens across a wide geographical range revealed that the characters used by previous authors to separate T. volgensis and T. scutellaris , (and T. ghorfii from T. histani ) are variable. The microsculpture of the mesoscutellum varies from distinctly present throughout to entirely absent (Figures 164-167 ). Mesoscutal characters are similarly variable: posteromedial striation, a median mesoscutal carina, and raised rugulose sculpture vary along a continuous gradient from absent to moderately pronounced (Figures 164-167 ). Kozlov’s 1968 key to Palearctic Trissolcus used the distance between the notauli (referred to as parapsidal grooves) to separate T. ghorfii and T. histani , specifically that the distance between the notauli (measured posteriorly) is more than twice the length of the notauli in the latter species. We examined a series of T. histani that was compared to the holotype and determined by Voegele, and in none of these specimens is this the case. The sculpture of the dorsal frons was not mentioned in the most recent keys by Kononova (2013), Petrov (2013) and Kozlov & Kononova (1983). Were it not for a continuous spectrum of variation, the sculptural development of the frons might separate T. vassilliewi from T. scutellaris . We present a plate of images (Figs 158-163 ) that illustrate the variation that occurs within this species, even within Mayr’s type series of T. simoni . In the lectotype of T. vassilliewi the frons outside of the antennal scrobe has microsculpture but is otherwise smooth (as in Figure 158 ). In other specimens, smooth shallow punctures are present along the inner orbits (Fig. 160 ) or across the dorsal frons (Fig. 161 ). The punctures may be surrounded by slightly raised rugulae, or, as in the lectotypes of T. simoni and T. volgensis , the rugae are coarse (Figures 162-163 ). Similarly, the degree of transverse striation directly above the antennal scrobe varies from absent to pronounced. Other structures that vary within this species are the epomial carina, which is always present, but may be robustly or weakly indicated, and the median mesoscutal carina, which is either absent or weakly indicated.

Figures

Figures 154. Trissolcus scutellaris female lectotype of T. simoni (USNMENT 01059022 b), head, mesosoma, metasoma, lateral view. Scale bars in millimeters.

Figures 155 - 157. Trissolcus scutellaris 155 female lectotype of T. simoni (USNMENT 01059022 b), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view 156 female (NHMW 0004), head and mesosoma, dorsolateral view 157 female (NHMW 0004), head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view. Scale bars in millimeters.

Figures 158 - 163. Trissolcus scutellaris 158 male, paralectotype of T. vassilliewi (USNMENT 01029319), head, anterior view 159 female (USNMENT 00896094), head, anterior view 160 female (USNMENT 00896103), head, anterolateral view 161 female paralectotype of T. simoni (USNMENT 01059022 a), head, anterior view 162 female lectotype of T. simoni (USNMENT 01059022 b), head, anterodorsal view 163 female (USNMENT 01059024), head, anterodorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters

Figures 164 - 167. Trissolcus scutellaris 164 female (USNMENT 00896335), head and mesosoma, dorsal view 165 female (USNMENT 00872172), head and mesosoma, dorsal view 166 female (USNMENT 00896206), head and mesosoma, dorsal view 167 female (USNMENT 01059030), head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters.