Cenostigma Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser . 2. 20: 140. 1843.

Bruneau, Anne, de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci, Ringelberg, Jens J., Borges, Leonardo M., Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa, Brown, Gillian K., Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S., Clark, Ruth P., Conceicao, Adilva de Souza, Cota, Matheus Martins Teixeira, Demeulenaere, Else, de Stefano, Rodrigo Duno, Ebinger, John E., Ferm, Julia, Fonseca-Cortes, Andres, Gagnon, Edeline, Grether, Rosaura, Guerra, Ethiene, Haston, Elspeth, Herendeen, Patrick S., Hernandez, Hector M., Hopkins, Helen C. F., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Hughes, Colin E., Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M., Iganci, Joao, Koenen, Erik J. M., Lewis, Gwilym P., de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Lima, Alexandre Gibau, Luckow, Melissa, Marazzi, Brigitte, Maslin, Bruce R., Morales, Matias, Morim, Marli Pires, Murphy, Daniel J., O'Donnell, Shawn A., Oliveira, Filipe Gomes, Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva, Rando, Juliana Gastaldello, Ribeiro, Petala Gomes, Ribeiro, Carolina Lima, Santos, Felipe da Silva, Seigler, David S., da Silva, Guilherme Sousa, Simon, Marcelo F., Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista & Terra, Vanessa, 2024, Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification, PhytoKeys 240, pp. 1-552 : 1

Cenostigma Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 2. 20: 140. 1843.

Figs 35 , 36 , 38 , 41

Type.

Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul.

Description.

Unarmed multi-stemmed shrubs, small compact trees, or large trees to 35 m, the larger trees with fluted trunks at maturity. Stipules filiform, spathulate-cucullate or lanceolate, caducous or sub-persistent, unknown for some species. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, sometimes with stellate hairs or various types of sessile or stalked glands; species with pinnate leaves either with three leaflets or 2-9 pairs of opposite leaflets; species with bipinnate leaves with 1-11 pairs of opposite to alternate pinnae, plus a terminal pinna, each pinna with 3-29 alternate to subopposite (occasionally opposite), eglandular leaflets, or with black subepidermal glands on the undersurface, and/or with conspicuous, sessile or punctate glands on the undersurface or along the margins, in addition to stipitate glands. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal raceme, sometimes pyramidal in shape, sometimes aggregated into large showy panicles, pedicels articulated. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic; hypanthium persisting as a small cup or wide shallow cup, or abscising as a ring around the pedicel apex or fruit stipe as the fruit matures; sepals 5, caducous, the lower cucullate sepal generally slightly longer than the other four; petals 5, free, bright yellow, the median petal with red or orange markings on the inner surface of the blade, the outer surface of the petal claw with short-stalked glands; stamens 10, free, filaments pubescent on lower portion, usually with short-stipitate glands along entire length; ovary pubescent with glands intermixed. Fruits laterally compressed, coriaceous to woody legumes with conspicuously thickened margins, dehiscent, sometimes explosively so, 2-6 (8)-seeded. Seeds ochre, brown, or mottled, shiny.

Chromosome number.

2 n = 24 [ C. microphyllum (Mart ex G. Don) Gagnon & G.P. Lewis, C. pluviosum (DC.) Gagnon & G.P. Lewis, C. pyramidale (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P. Lewis], 2 n = 48 [ C. bracteosum (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P. Lewis] ( Alves and Custódio 1989; Beltrão and Guerra 1990; Rodrigues et al. 2014).

Included species and geographic distribution.

Twenty-three taxa in 15 species confined to the Neotropics. The genus extends around the Amazonian arc of dry forests and adjacent cerrado vegetation, as well as throughout Central America, and extending to the Caribbean, with endemics in Cuba and Hispaniola (Fig. 41 ).

Ecology.

Seasonally dry tropical forest, bushland, and thicket (restinga, caatinga, semi-arid thorn scrub), wooded grassland (cerrado and cerradão) and terra firme forest.

Etymology.

From ceno - (Greek = empty) and stigma, presumably alluding to the chambered stigma (a character of many species of the Caesalpinieae , and not restricted to Cenostigma ).

Human uses.

Cenostigma pluviosum is often planted as an ornamental street tree in South America. Other species are used for their timber and production of charcoal, as well as for local medicine ( Queiroz 2009).

Notes.

Based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, Gagnon and Lewis in Gagnon et al. (2016) emended the description of Cenostigma and added several species from the disbanded genus Poincianella . Subsequently, C. pyramidale var. diversifolium has been raised to the rank of species as C. diversifolium (Benth.) Gaem ( Gaem 2021), thus increasing the number of recognised species in the genus to 15.

Taxonomic references.

Freire (1994); Gaem (2021); Gagnon et al. (2016); Lewis (1987, 1998, 2005b); Lewis et al. (2010); Queiroz (2009, under both Cenostigma and Poincianella ); Ulibarri (1996); Warwick and Lewis (2009).

Figures

Figure 35. Flowers of Caesalpinieae A Tara spinosa Britton & Rose, Peru, Ancash (Hughes et al. 3043) B Cenostigma pluviosum (DC.) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis var. pluviosum, Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Wood et al. 26552) C Caesalpinia bahamensis Lam., Cuba (Lewis 1853) D Hultholia mimosoides (Lam.) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, India E Pomaria burchellii (DC.) B. B. Simpson & G. P. Lewis, Botswana Ghanzi district F Erythrostemon coccineus (G. P. Lewis & J. L. Contr.) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Mexico, Oaxaca (Lewis et al. 1802) G Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Honduras H Erythrostemon melanadenius (Rose) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Mexico, Oaxaca (Hughes et al. 2091) I Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan, Africa J Guilandina bonduc L., India K Gelrebia trothaei (Harms) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Tanzania. Photo credits A E Gagnon B, F-H CE Hughes C GP Lewis D VR Vinayaraj, India Biodiversity Portal (https: // indiabiodiversity. org / group / wild _ orchids _ of _ india / observation / show / 335155), the basionym of Hultholia mimosoides E O Bourquin, Flora of Zimbabwe (https: // www. zimbabweflora. co. zw / speciesdata / image-display. php? species _ id = 127200 & image _ id = 6) I P Van Wyk J M Sanjappa K PJ Cribb.

Figure 36. Fruits of Caesalpinieae A Hererolandia pearsonii (L. Bolus) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Namibia, Sesriem Canyon B Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst., Mexico (Lewis 2057) C Lophocarpinia aculeatifolia (Burkart) Burkart, Paraguay, (Fortunato 8650) D Hoffmannseggia arequipensis Ulibarri, Peru, Arequipa, (Hughes et al. 2342) E Balsamocarpon brevifolium Clos, Chile (Baxter et al. DCI 1859) F Zuccagnia punctata Cav., Argentina, Mendoza G Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl., Somalia H Erythrostemon coccineus (G. P. Lewis & J. L. Contr.) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Mexico, Oaxaca (Lewis et al. 1802) I Paubrasilia echinata (Lam.) Gagnon, H. C. Lima & G. P. Lewis, Brazil J Libidibia paraguariensis (Parodi) G. P. Lewis, Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Hughes 2475) K Coulteria mollis Kunth, Guatemala (Lewis et al. 1714) L Cenostigma pluviosum var. cabralianum (G. P. Lewis) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Brazil (Lewis et al. 2019) M Pomaria jamesii (Torr. & A. Gray) Walp., USA. Photo credits A AA Dreyer B, I, K, L GP Lewis C RH Fortunato D, H, J CE Hughes E P Baxter F Italo Specogna, Flora mendocina (http: // www. floramendocina. com. ar / clase _ 3 / zuccagnia _ punctata _ p 9558. html) G M Thulin M P Alexander, SEINet Arizona Chapter (https: // swbiodiversity. org / seinet / imagelib / imgdetails. php? imgid = 253949).

Figure 38. Vegetative traits of the Caesalpinieae A Hoffmannseggia minor (Phil.) Ulibarri, Bolivia B Hererolandia pearsonii (L. Bolus) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Namibia, Sesriem Canyon C Moullava spicata (Dalzell ex Wight) Nicolson, India, Maharastra D Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl., undersurface of leaflets showing glands, Somalia E Pomaria austrotexana B. B. Simpson, USA, Texas F Small tree of Erythrostemon nicaraguensis (G. P. Lewis) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Nicaragua, Esteli (Hawkins et al. 4) G Leopard bark of Libidibia paraguariensis (D. Parodi) G. P. Lewis, Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Hughes 2475) H Lenticelled bark of Erythrostemon nicaraguensis (G. P. Lewis) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Nicaragua, Esteli (Hawkins et al. 4) I Young flush of leaves of Cenostigma pluviosum var. intermedium (G. P. Lewis) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis, Brazil, Bahia (Lima et al. 7901) J Fluted trunk of Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst., Mexico, Oaxaca, (Hughes 1947) K Prickles on woody protuberances on a young trunk of Paubrasilia echinata (Lam.) Gagnon, H. C. Lima & G. P. Lewis, Brazil, Bahia (Lima et al. 7909) L Recurved spines of Biancaea decapetala (Roth) O. Deg., Peru, Ancash, (Hughes et al. 3055). Photo credits A GP Lewis B AA Dreyer C Shivaprakash, iNaturalist (https: // inaturalist. ca / observations / 81864757) D M Thulin E WR Carr F-H, J CE Hughes I, K, L E Gagnon.

Figure 41. Distribution of Cenostigma based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.