Garcinia fluviatilis Mouzinho & L. Marinho, 2022

Mouzinho, Thiago, Soares, Maria De Lourdes, Cabral, Fernanda Nunes & Marinho, Lucas Cardoso, 2022, Nomenclatural and taxonomic novelties in Garcinia (Clusiaceae) from Amazonian forest, Phytotaxa 548 (1), pp. 91-98 : 94-97

Garcinia fluviatilis Mouzinho & L. Marinho , sp. nov. ( Figs. 3–4 ).

Type:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Mun. Careiro Castanho, Comunidade Sagrada família, 3°21’41.9’’S, 59°42’41.4’’W, 25 September 2021, fl. ♂, T.M. Mouzinho et al. 175 (holotype: INPA barcode INPA0124286; isotype: RB) .

Diagnosis: — Garcinia fluviatilis is similar to G. macrophylla Martius (1841: 35) , but differs by the opaque (vs. glossy) leaf blades, hoodshaped structures on the base of petiole inconspicuous and oblong (vs. conspicuous and deltoid), obovate (vs. rounded-obovate) inner petals, berries with soft and yellow (vs. rigid and orange) epicarp, and flattened stigma with undefined lobes (vs. capitate and trilobed stigma) in fruit.

Description: —Trees up to 20 m tall, dioecious; branches cylindrical, smooth in vivo, striate in sicco; exudate yellow, in all parts of the plant. Petioles 6.5–23.8(–26.8) mm long, slightly striate horizontally; hood-shaped structures on the base of petiole inconspicuous in sicco, oblong. Leaf blades 7.6–26.7 × 3.8–9.5 cm, chartaceous, discolorous, opaque on both surfaces, elliptic-oblong to elliptic-ovate, the apex acuminate to attenuate, the base attenuate to acute, margins slightly revolute in sicco; midvein immersed adaxially and prominent abaxially; secondary veins> 25 pairs, arched and distally reticulate, reaching or not the margin in the apical area; intersecondary veins 2–3 per intercostal area; intramarginal vein inconspicuous; exudate canals inconspicuous. Staminate inflorescence axillary, fasciculate,> 20 flowers per fascicle, flowering scars protruding; bracteoles 2, conspicuous; pedicels 9.8–14.7 mm long, greenish. Staminate floral bud 2.1–4.3 × 2.4–4.1 mm, white-greenish, globose. Staminate flower with 2 sepals, deflexed, 1.2–1.8 × 1.7–3 mm, greenish, rounded, adaxially concave, carnose; petals 4, deflexed, the outer pair 2.9–4.7 × 2.4–3.8 mm, white-greenish, rounded, apex carnose, the inner pair 4.1–6.3 × 2.3–3.7 mm, white-greenish, obovate, membranaceous, exudate canals conspicuous; stamens ca. 33, heterodynamous, arranged in three series surrounding the nectariferous disc, filaments 2–4 mm long, hyaline, terete, anthers yellow, ferruginous when senescent, ellipsoid, dehiscence longitudinal, thecae 0.33–0.44 × 0.24–0.34 mm; nectariferous disc central, 2.2–3.5 mm diam., yellow to white-yellowish, depressed. Pistillate inflorescence axillary, fasciculate; ca. 15 flowers per fascicle, flowering scars protruding; bracteoles 2, conspicuous; pedicels 8.2–8.8 mm long. Pistillate floral bud 3.7–5.5 × 3.1–5.3 mm, whitegreenish, globose. Pistillate flowers with 2 sepals, deflexed, 1.7–2 × 2.2–3 mm, rounded, adaxially concave, carnose; petals 4, deflexed, the outer pair 4.5–4.9 × 3.9–4.5 mm, rounded, white-greenish, apex carnose, the inner pair 5.8–6.5 × 3.8–4.6 mm, rounded-obovate, white-greenish, membranaceous, exudate canals conspicuous; staminodes ca. 20, arranged in two series, filaments 2–3 mm long, hyaline, terete, anthers rudimentary, ferruginous when senescent, ellipsoid, thecae 0.38–0.43 × 0.21–0.28 mm; nectariferous disc annular, 1.7–2.3 mm diam., yellow; ovary 2–2.5 × 3–4 mm, green, globose, 3-carpellate, 3-locular, 1 ovule per locule; stigma discoid, sessile. Berries 17.8–37 × 14.8–34(–38) mm, globose, apex rounded, rarely rostrate, rostrum 2–3 mm long, green when immature, yellow when mature, epicarp smooth and soft; sepals, petals, stamens and stigmas persistent, stigmas <3 mm diam., flattened, lobes undefined. Seeds 2–3, 15.3–21 × 7.4–10.8 mm, ellipsoid to globose.

Additional examined specimens (Paratypes): — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Habitat in Brasiliae prov. do Alto Amazonas ad ostium fluminis Rio Negro , August 1851, fl. ♂, R. Spruce 1744 ( BM, K 000488557, K 000488558, M, P). Mun. Anori, Baixo Rio Purus, 06 December 2009, fr., B.G. Luize 258 ( INPA) ; ibid., Lago Muiuí, 04°11’48’’S, 62°06’33’’W, 01 August 2009, fr., B.G. Luize 100 ( INPA). Mun. Autazes, Rio Murutinga , Comunidade Indígena de Murutinga , 30 September 2004, fl. ♂, C.G. Bacelar-Lima et al. 37 ( INPA). Mun. Benjamin Constant, Ilha Aramaçá , 24 July 1973, fl. ♂, G.T. Prance et al. 16801 ( INPA). Mun. Beruri, RDS Piagaçu-Purus, Comunidade Itapuru, 21 June 2017, ste., C.C. Machado 369 ( INPA) ; ibid., 04°24’86’’S, 61°73’33’’W, 25 June 2017, ste., C.C. Machado 403 ( INPA) ; ibid., Comunidade Uixi, 22 March 2017, fr., C.C. Machado 241 ( INPA). Mun. Careiro Castanho , Comunidade Sagrada família, 3°21’40.9’’S, 59°42’41.0’’W, 25 September 2021, fr./fl. ♀, T.M. Mouzinho et al. 176 ( INPA), Mun. Codájas , Lago Badajós , 03°33’95’’S, 62°35’57’’W, 26 July 2011, fl. ♂, B.G. Luize 427 ( INPA) ; ibid., 03°28’27’’S, 62°38’86’’W, 23 July 2011, fr., B.G. Luize 415 ( INPA). Mun. Iranduba, Ilha da Machantaria , fr., L. Coêlho 2061 ( INPA) ; ibid., 10 August 1984, fl. ♂, L. Coêlho 2057 ( INPA) ; ibid., Cacau Pereira, 03°15’27’’S, 60°08’13’’W, 12 May 2011, fr., I.L. Amaral et al. 3272 ( INPA). Mun. Jutaí, Rio Jutaí , 24 November 1975, fr., L. Coêlho et al. 427 ( INPA). Mun. Manacapuru , Sítio Santana , 24 January 2002, ste., V.F. Kinupp 2111 ( INPA) ; ibid., 09 October 1972, ste., O. Pires et al. 243 ( INPA) ; ibid., 20 March 1979, ste., D. Coêlho et al. s.n. ( INPA 81956). Mun. Maués, Lago Aiapuá, 26 December 1986, ste., M.P. Grenard 2666 ( INPA). Mun. Maraã , Rio Japurá , 05 November 1982, fr., I.L. Amaral et al. 337 ( INPA). Mun. Manaquiri , Lago Janauacá , 03°28’S, 60°17’W, 16 July 1991, fr., S. Mori 21746 ( INPA). Mun. Manaus , Ramal do Aleixo , 15 September 2012, fl. ♂, M.G. Ferreira MGF 3C ( INPA) ; ibid., 29 March 2017, fr., I.G. Gama 8 ( INPA) ; ibid., 09 July 1981, fr., L.O.A. Teixeira et al. 68 ( INPA) ; ibid., 06 August 2019, fr., B.S. Amorim 2090 ( INPA) ; ibid., 19 August 1973, ste., P.L. Lisboa 15 ( INPA) ; ibid., 09 September 1981, fr., L.O.A. Teixeira et al. 69 ( INPA) ; ibid., 11 May 2012, fr., V.S. Guedes 1 ( INPA) ; ibid., 09 September 1981, fl. ♂, L.O.A. Teixeira et al. 70 ( INPA). Mun. Nova Olinda do Norte, Comunidade Nossa Senhora dos Remédios , 03°61’67’’S, 58°92’37’’W, 17 September 2011, fr., G.P. Viana et al. ( INPA). Mun. Tefé , Estação Ecológica Mamirauá , 02 May 2000, fr., L.C. Procópio et al. 249 ( INPA) ; ibid., 02°90’50’’S, 64°88’33’’W, 08 May 2000, fr., L.C. Procópio et al. 292 ( INPA) ; ibid., Rio Japurá, 02°53’S, 64°52’W, 02 December 1982, fl. ♂, T. Plowman, et al. s.n. ( INPA 125836). Pará: Mun. Santarém , 02°26’09’’S, 54°36’32’’W, 11 June 2013, ste., S.C. Cavalcante 15 ( INPA) . COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Mun. Leticia , 04 July 1969, fr., S. McDaniel 11792 ( F image) .

Etymology: —The epithet refers to the distribution of the species, which is associated with large Amazonian rivers.

Distribution and habitat: — Colombia and Brazil. In Brazil, Garcinia fluviatilis is found in the states of Amazonas and Pará in flooded forests ( Fig. 2 ), along the Amazon, Jutaí and Japurá river basins.

Morphological Notes: —Specimens of Garcinia fluviatilis had been identified as G. macrophylla (see the differences in diagnosis), G. brasiliensis and G. gardneriana . Garcinia fluviatilis differs from G. brasiliensis by the chartaceous leaf blades (vs. coriaceous in G. brasiliensis ),> 25 pairs of secondary veins (vs. ≤ 20 pairs) and 2–3 pairs of intersecondary veins per intercostal area (vs. 1–2 pairs) ( Fig. 3D ). The flowers of G. fluviatilis bear obovate inner petals ( Fig. 4E ) (vs. rounded in G. brasiliensis ), flattened stigma with undefined lobes on the fruit (vs. discoid and trilobed in G. brasiliensis ).

Garcinia fluviatilis differs from G. gardneriana also by having> 25 pairs of secondary veins (vs. <25 pairs in G. gardneriana ) and 2–3 pairs of intersecondary veins per intercostal area (vs. 1–2 pairs). The flowers of G. fluviatilis bear ellipsoid anthers (vs. globose in G. gardneriana ), globose ( Fig. 4J ) (vs. ovoid) berries with undefined lobes on the fruit stigma (vs. trilobed). Other relevant characteristics are given in Table 1 .

Figures

FIGURE 2. Distribution map of Garcinia fluviatilis (blue circles) and G. spruceana (red circle). Countries are labeled with boldfaced text and Brazilian states are labeled in non-boldfaced text.

FIGURE 3. Garcinia fluviatilis. A. Crown seen from below. B. Stem cross section with yellow exudate. C. Apex of the branch showing the inconspicuous hood-shaped structures on the base of petiole. D. Abaxial leaf surface, detail showing the intersecondary veins parallel to the secondary ones and inconspicuous exudate canals, arrowheads show secondary veins. E. Staminate floral buds in various stages of development. F. Staminate flowers visited by Ornidia obesa (Fabricius, 1775). G. Pistillate flower. Photos by Thiago Mouzinho.

FIGURE 4. Garcinia fluviatilis flowers. A–H. Staminate flower. A. Floral bud. B. Flower in lateral view. C. Flower in upper view. D. Outer petal. E. Inner petal. F. Heterodynamous stamens. G. Anther in frontal view. H–I. Pistillate flower. H. Flower in lateral view. I. Ovary in cross section, showing one ovule per locule. J. Mature fruit in frontal view. Scale bars = 1 mm, except in J = 1 cm.