Forelius pruinosus
publication ID |
22407 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6231296 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C47D8C9B-8460-3C56-0A18-BB8BD01F6B0F |
treatment provided by |
Christiana |
scientific name |
Forelius pruinosus |
status |
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Forelius pruinosus View in CoL HNS (Roger 1863)
(Fig. 6)
Material examined: Colombia. (3w), Magdalena; Santa Marta; Vda. Mosquito. 11°10'23.6"N 74°10'45"W 96 m; Manual collection; 03.Jan.2008; D. Olivero & M. Escarraga, coll. Deposited in Insect Collection of University of Magdalena (CEUM), Santa Marta, Colombia.
Geographic distribution: Bahamas, Colombia (Magdalena), Costa Rica (Guanacaste), Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, The West Indies, USA [Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, North Dakota (Wheeler & Wheeler 1963), Texas].
Cuezzo (2000) provided a taxonomic key for all species of Forelius HNS known. Due to the new synonymy between F. analis HNS and F. pruinosus HNS (Ward 2005) and the description of F. damiani HNS , we provide a new key for the species with circular propodeal spiracle, with the exception of F. keiferi HNS . The descriptions of F. keiferi HNS and F. pruinosus HNS given in Cuezzo (2000) overlap in many characters and the status of F. keiferi HNS as a species distinct from F. pruinosus HNS is not certain.
Key to species of Forelius HNS Emery with spiracles rounded [based on workers; modified from Cuezzo (2000)]
1. Small workers (TL 1.6 - 1.7 mm). Scapes barely reaching vertex margin (SI <90). Mesosomal outline always continuous in lateral view. (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay)..................... pusillus (Santschi) HNS (Fig. 4)
- Worker size variable (TL 1.4 - 2.5 mm). Scapes reaching or surpassing vertex margin by at least 1/6 of their length (SI> 90). Mesosomal outline variable.....................................................................................2
2. Pronotum bearing only two erect setae. Dorsal face of propodeum lacking erect setae. (Colombia, Costa Rica, USA)...................................................................................................... damiani HNS sp. nov. (Fig. 1 & 2)
- Pronotum bearing more than two erect setae. Dorsal face of propodeum bearing erect setae. Note: Some evidence of intergradation between F. pruinosus HNS and F. mccooki HNS (Ward 2005) suggests that F. pruinosus HNS may contain a number of cryptic species, and may also hybridize with the very similar F. mccooki HNS ........3
3. Mandibles with four teeth and three to four denticles. Pronotum usually with six erect setae. Dorsal face of mesosoma bearing more than 10 erect setae. (Jamaica, Mexico, USA) ...... mccooki (McCook) HNS (Fig. 5)
- Mandibles with five teeth and one or two denticles. Pronotum usually with four erect setae. Dorsal face of mesosoma bearing 2 to 6 erect setae. (Bahamas, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, USA)........................................................................... pruinosus (Roger) HNS (Fig. 6)
Discussion
Forelius damiani HNS and F. pruinosus HNS are the first species of the genus Forelius HNS known from Colombia. Both species have been collected in the lowland dry forest of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta while F. damiani HNS has also been collected in Zambrano (Bolivar), northern Colombia. The Zambrano specimens do not differ from those of the type locality. The workers of F. damiani HNS from Costa Rica differ somewhat in size (TL 1.50 - 1.68 mm in Costa Rica vs. TL 1.40 - 1.58 mm in Colombia) and the length of the scapes (exceeding the vertexal margin by 0.04 mm in Costa Rica, not exceeding the vertexal margin in Colombia). While the TL of the workers showed differences between the populations of Costa Rica and Colombia, the length of mesosoma is less variable and the measurements for the two countries broadly overlap (MsL 0.46 - 0.56 mm in Costa Rica vs. MsL 0.44 - 0.58 mm in Colombia). Specimens from Costa Rica are darker brown than those from Colombia.
Forelius damiani HNS is relatively similar to F. pruinosus (Roger) HNS , but F. damiani HNS has only two erect pronotal hairs while F. pruinosus HNS can have two to four erect pronotal hairs; the promesonotum of F. damiani HNS is lower compared with F. pruinosus HNS ; the dorsal face of the propodeum is longer than the declivitous face in F. damiani HNS , moreover it lacks propodeal hairs; and F. damiani HNS is smaller than F. pruinosus HNS in some measurements such as TL, HL, HW and SL (see measurements above and Cuezzo (2000) for comparison). Forelius damiani HNS is similar to F. pusillus HNS , however several characters show differences: the mandibles of F. damiani HNS have four teeth while those of F. pusillus HNS have five; the propodeum of F. pusillus HNS has four conspicuous setae but F. damiani HNS has none; the workers in F. pusillus HNS are a little larger (TL 1.6 - 1.8 mm in F. pusillus HNS vs. 1.40 - 1.68 mm in F. damiani HNS ). Characters that distinguish Forelius damiani HNS from most other Forelius HNS species are the circular propodeal spiracle and the absence of erect hairs on the dorsal face of the propodeum.
The occurrence of round spiracles on the new species F. damiani HNS reinforces a pattern in which the few species found north of the Amazon basin all have round spiracles, while south of the Amazon many species have elongate, slit-like spiracles and only one species has round spiracles. Several hypotheses can explain this pattern, based on whether round spiracles are plesiomorphic, apomorphic, or homoplasious in the genus. If round spiracles are plesiomorphic, the genus could have originated north or south of the Amazon basin and then dispersed across the Amazon (perhaps during a period of drier climate). Subsequently, elongate spiracles evolved in the south (as one adaptation to arid conditions, reducing water loss through the spiracle) and perhaps allowed a greater diversification there. In the south, forms with elongate spiracles may have displaced previously more abundant and diverse forms with round spiracles. Alternatively, round spiracles could be apomorphic. An initial radiation of forms with elongate spiracles may have occurred in southern South America. Subsequently, a form with round spiracles evolved which was better suited to humid conditions and better able to cross the Amazon Basin. Once on the other side it diversified into the present species found north of the Amazon. Finally, round spiracles could be homoplasious, evolving independently north and south of the Amazon. Further phylogenetic work on the genus is needed to differentiate among these hypotheses.
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