Olea europaea, Linnaeus

Wolff, Vera R. S., Efrom, Caio F. S., Aquino, Daniel A. & Tonietto, Adilson, 2018, Taxonomic study and population variation of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae and Diaspididae) and associated parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in an olive grove at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Insecta Mundi 669, pp. 1-8 : 5-7

Key to the adult females of scale insect species recorded on O. europaea in Brazil. Adapted from Ferris (1937, 1938, 1941, 1942), Gill (1988), Granara de Willink (1999), and Claps and Wolff (2003).

1. With developed legs ( Coccidae ).................................................. 2 — Without developed legs........................................................ 3

2(1). Insect body at maturity convex, with dark brown or almost black coloration; on posterior region with a characteristic elevation in the form of a transversal letter “H”; ventral tubular duct band composed entirely of ducts with filamentous inner ductlets Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

— Insect body at maturity hemispherical, with red-brown coloration; on posterior region without a characteristic elevation in the form of transversal letter “H”; ventral tubular duct band composed of 2 kinds of ducts, one with inner ductlets as wide or wider than the outer duct, and one with filamentous or thin inner ductlets.......... Saissetia coffeae (Walker)

3(1). Body margin bearing large 8-shaped pores; with an anal ring; body covered by an almost transparent scale cover Russellaspis pustulans (Cockerell) (Asterolecaniidae)

— Body without 8-shaped pores; without anal ring; covered by a waxy scale test ( Diaspididae ) 4

4(3). Macroducts of the “two-barred” type; antennae commonly with two or more setae; anterior spiracles normally with associated disc pores................................... 5

— Macroducts of the “one-barred” type; antennae rarely with more than one seta; anterior spiracles normally without associated disc pores........................................ 9

5(4). Male test white, felted, very different from the female’s scale; second pygidial lobe bilobed; third pair of lobes not well developed; gland spines normally present and usually not fringed 6

— Male test not as above; at least with three pairs of pygidial lobes present, of subequal size; marginal ducts rather small and with quite heavy oral scleroses; second pygidial lobe never bilobed; gland spines apically very fringed..................................... 8

6(5). Body form broadly oval; median lobes large and prominent, strongly zygotic, with a pair of small setae but without gland spines or a dorsal pore between their bases; some gland spines of the pygidium with two ducts and consequently fringed at the apex............................ Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti)

— Body form fusiform; median lobes separate, but their mesal margins very tightly appressed, without setae or gland spines between them; with a sclerosis that forms a yoke at the base of the median lobes; simple gland spines present................................ 7

7(6). Dorsum of the pygidium with a pair of crescent shaped folds accompanied by a sclerosis, these situated anterior to the anal opening; usually more or less reduced second lobes......................................... Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)

— Without a dorsal sclerosis as described above; second lobes more developed........................................................ Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)

8(5). Dorsal ducts small, scattered, quite numerous in the submarginal region of all abdominal segments; marginal ducts confined to the pygidium, all with strong oral scleroses; perivulvar pores with a tendency to form five groups; anal opening apparently somewhat closer to the apex of the pygidium................................ Parlatoria oleae (Colvée)

— Dorsal ducts few, confined to the submarginal areas of the pygidium and the prepygidial abdominal segments, slightly smaller than those of the margins; marginal ducts confined to the pygidium, all with rather weak oral scleroses; perivulvar pores in four groups; anus located at about the center of the pygidium........... Parlatoria proteus (Curtis)

9(4). Dorsomedial area of pygidium with conspicuous areolated pattern............................................................ Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green)

— Dorsomedial area of pygidium without an areolated pattern........................ 10

10(9). Median pygidial lobes well developed, the second pygidial lobes may or not be developed, third lobes represented merely by a slight point.................................... 11

— Three pairs of developed pygidial lobes.......................................... 13

11(10). Median and second pygidial lobes developed and appearing to converge slightly; anal opening small; without perivulvar pores........... Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock)

— Second pygidial lobes represented merely by a slight point; anal opening conspicuously large and located close to the apex of the pygidium; with or without perivulvar pores..... 12

12(11). Perivulvar pores present in four groups............ Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) — Perivulvar pores lacking......................... Hemilberlesia rapax (Comstock)

13(10). Median, second and third pygidial lobes with different shapes....................... 14 — Median, second and third pygidial lobes all about the same size and round shaped 19

14(13). Second pygidial lobes similar in form to the median lobes, third lobe quite small but distinct and sclerotized........................................................... 15

— Second and third lobes low, broad, sloping and serrate............................. 16

15(13). Median pygidial lobes with a preapical notch on each side, parallel axes, with a pair of plates between them well developed, second pygidial lobes rather similar in form to median lobes, but small and slender; third lobe quite small and distinct................................................................. Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret)

— Median pygidial lobes with a preapical notch on the outer side, with a pair of slender plates between them, separated and straight, second and third pairs similar in form and only slightly smaller; median lobes with a distinct basal prolongation at the pygidium.................................................. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché

16(14). Pygidium apically acute, broadening very rapidly anteriorly........................ 17

— Pygidium apically rounded.................................................... 18

17(16). Median lobes extremely small, apically rounded, plates confined to the interlobular spaces, all extremely small, margin beyond the site of the fourth lobe for some distance slightly sclerotized and with small paraphyses.......... Acutaspis scutiformis (Cockerell)

— Pygidium with three pairs of lobes, wider than long, of subequal sizes, median pair larger than the others and with finely toothed margins.......... Acutaspis paulista (Hempel)

18(16). Median lobes relatively small, without plates between them, with a notch on each side and with the apex rounded; second and third lobes very short and quite broad, with outer margins sloping and minutely toothed, with strong paraphyses between the pygidial lobes....................................... Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)

19(13). Prosoma much swollen and strongly sclerotized, varying in form, ranging from slightly to strongly reniform, the lateral prosomatic lobes more or less enclosing the pygidium, with two pairs of small prevulvar scleroses present, with sclerotized spots in addition to the pair of V-shaped apophyses Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)

— With thoracic spur well developed, acute, sclerotized, pygidium with conspicuous branched plates between the third and fourth lobes, these exceeding the lobes in length; fourth lobe present as a sclerotized point; marginal paraphyses beyond the fourth lobe usually lacking or only weakly developed.................. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)