Tridrepana Swinhoe, 1895

Song, Wenhui, Xue, Dayong & Han, Hongxiang, 2011, A taxonomic revision of Tridrepana Swinhoe, 1895 in China, with descriptions of three new species (Lepidoptera, Drepanidae), Zootaxa 3021, pp. 39-62 : 40-41

Tridrepana Swinhoe, 1895

Tridrepana Swinhoe, 1895 , Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1895: 3. Type species: Drepana albonotata Moore, 1879 , by subsequent designation by Warren, 1922.

Iridrepana Warren, 1922 , in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 10: 464 (an err. spelling of Tridrepana ).

Konjikia Nagano, 1917 , Bull. Nawa ent. Lab., 2: 39. Type species: Drepana crocea Leech, 1888 , by original designation.

Description. Head. Antenna bipectinate in both sexes, rami in male longer than in female. Frons yellow to brown. Proboscis developed. Labial palpus yellow to brown, a little extending beyond frons in most species. Thorax. Yellow. Hind tibia usually with one pair of terminal spurs, if two pairs of spurs present, the terminal pair often smaller and covered by scales. Wings: Both sides of forewing and hind wing yellow, usually not lustrous scaled. Forewing apex usually falcate, outer margin concave under apex and convex or straight, smooth below; upperside usually with brown crescent patch below apex, with two brownish black ovate spots inside; postmedial and submarginal lines often visible, antemedial line sometimes indistinct, occasionally invisible; discal spot and posterodistal spot present, sometimes with mid-cell spots, a few species without any spot, some species with spots or patches near the lower angle of cell. Hind wing apex round, outer margin smooth, inner margin elongate, costal margin a little paler; postmedial and submarginal lines often visible, discal spot often present. Frenulum developed. Venation. Forewing: Sc free; R 3 arising from R 1 and R 2, anastomosing with R 4 and forming a single areole, R 5 stalked with R 4 and arising below apex of areole; M 1 diverging from upper angle of cell or stalked with lower margin of areole; M 2 close to M 3 basally; CuA 1 and CuA 2 separate; 2A anastomosing with 3A. Hind wing: Sc+R 1 close to Rs out of cell; Rs and M 1 separate; M 2 close to M 3 basally; CuA 1 and CuA 2 separate; 3A absent. Abdomen. Both dorsal and ventral sides yellow, covered with yellow hairs. Tympanal organs developed. Male genitalia. Varying among different species groups. In T. albonotata , T. flava , T. fulvata and T. olivacea species groups, uncus deeply bifurcate, with its branches bifurcate again, fork like; valva long, bending upwards. In T. crocea and T. postica species groups, uncus deeply bifurcate, with its branches subuliform, acute apically; valva developed, slender or broad. In T. sadana species group, uncus divided into two big lobes, concave at middle; valva degenerate, lobate. Socii often visible, digitiform. Gnathos connected at middle, with subulate or elliptical, spinose median process. Saccus slender, digitiform, linguiform or triangular. Anellus developed or not. Aedeagus slender or stout, sclerotized posteriorly, cornuti bundles of spines, a spinose band or both. In T. sadana species group aedeagus very short and small, vesica without spinose or sclerotized band, cornuti one or two bundles of spines, sometimes absent. The eighth sternite usually modified. Female genitalia. Ovipositor short; two round processes near the ostium bursae. Apophyses posteriores as long as or slightly longer than apophyses anteriores. Ductus bursae sclerotized, smooth, sometimes wrinkled. Corpus bursae oval or round, membranous, with two scobinate signa of various shapes, or signum absent. Spermatheca nearly spherical, unornamented with short duct, or radially ornamented with long duct.

Diagnosis. The genus Tridrepana resembles Strepsigonia Warren in usually having a falcate forewing apex, with the outer margin under the apex concave. Tridrepana differs from Strepsigonia by the yellow body and ground colour of the wing, and by the presence of a brown or black crescent patch on the forewing outer margin below apex. In Strepsigonia the body and wings are brownish yellow, the crescent patch on the forewing outer margin is absent. In the male genitalia, the two branches or lobes of the uncus are close in Tridrepana but apart in Strepsigonia .

Distribution. Oriental region, north of Australian region.

Biological notes. The eggs are laid singly, and are yellow, turning red before hatching. The larvae are variegated rich rufous brown with disruptive patterns of oblique bars laterally ( Sen & Lin, 2002; Sugi, 1987; Wang, 1995). Most segments of the larva have a pair of subdorsal tubercles. Those on T2, T3 and A8 are elongate, directed forward over the body, apically sinuous and sometimes even slightly coiled ( Holloway, 1998). Pupation is in a silken bag on a partly folded leaf tip. The pupa is mostly exposed and has a pair of distinctive horn-like structures anteriorly ( Wang, 1995). The known host plants are often in Fagaceae , sometimes in Sapindaceae and Theaceae ( Sen & Lin, 2002; Teramoto, 1993; Wang, 1995).