Phradis Förster, 1869

Khalaim, A. I., 2019, Illustrated catalogue of North American species of Ctenophion Horstmann and Phradis Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae), Russian Entomological Journal 28 (4), pp. 400-420 : 405-409

Genus Phradis Förster, 1869

Type species: Thersilochus (Phradis) brevis Brischke, 1880 .

DESCRIPTION. Small and medium sized species with body length usually between 2.5 and 4.0 mm, thought largest species of the genus, e.g. P. gibbus (Holmgren, 1860) and P. longibasalis Khalaim, 2007 , may have body length over 6.0 mm.

Head, in dorsal view, usually with gena roundly tapered behind eyes, 0.5–1.1 times as long as eye width. Antennal flagellum filiform or weakly clavate, sometimes very slen- der basally, with 8 to 24 flagellomeres; Nearctic P. curvicauda Horstmann, 2013 ( Fig. 25 ) and P. flavipes Horstmann, 2013 ( Fig. 33 ), and Palaearctic P. decameron Khalaim, 2004 , possess flagellum with 7–9 flagellomeres, it is a minimum number of flagellomeres known in the family Ichneumonidae . Some flagellomeres bear more or less distinct finger-shaped structures on outer side near apex of each flagellomere [see Khalaim et al., 2009]. Mandible with upper tooth usually longer than lower tooth, but in several species (e.g. P. nigritulus (Gravenhorst, 1829) , P. toreador Aubert, 1986 ) the lower tooth is longer. Clypeus lenticular, sometimes slightly truncated apically, with a transverse row of bristles near its lower margin. Hypostomal carina usually absent.

Notaulus usually with short wrinkle on anterolateral side of mesoscutum. Epicnemial carina with upper end bent forwards and reaching front margin of mesopleuron at level of lower 0.4–0.5 of pronotum. Foveate groove of mesopleuron horizontal or weakly upcurved anteriorly, short and thin, or as weakly impressed area with transverse or irregular wrinkles, or completely absent. Propodeum usually with a pair of median longitudinal carinae bounding short basal area laterally ( Figs 12 , 17 , 22 , 27 , etc.); basal area sometimes with irregular or longitudinal wrinkles; rarely basal area is long (in P. toreador ) or substituted by furrow (in P. longibasalis ). Propodeal spiracle round, separated from pleural carina by 2.0–6.0 times its own diameter.

Fore wing with second recurrent vein (2m-cu) interstitial, rarely antefurcal or slightly postfurcal; in P. toreador vein 2m-cu completely absent. First and second sections of radius (Rs+2r and Rs) meeting at right or slightly acute angle. Second abscissa of postnervulus present, thus brachial cell is closed posteriorly. Hind wing with nervellus (cu1&cu-a) subvertical to moderately reclivous.

Legs slender. Hind leg with tibia longer than femur and about twice as long as basitarsus. Longer hind tibial spur almost straight, with only distal end slightly curved. Tarsal claws not pectinate.

Metasoma behind tergite 1 more or less compressed laterally. First tergite slender, usually round in cross-section centrally, rarely slightly trapeziform or depressed. Glymma usually completely absent, rarely weak and isolated (i.e. not joining by furrow with ventral part of postpetiole); spiracle situated behind centre of first tergite; petiole not separated or weakly separated from postpetiole. Ovipositor slender, more or less upcurved, short to very long.

COMPOSITION. Moderately large genus with 63 known species worldwide: two species are known in the Afrotropical region [ Khalaim, 2007], one in Australia [ Khalaim, 2017], one in the Neotropical region [ Khalaim, Bordera, 2012], 39 in the Palaearctic region [ Khalaim, 2015; Yu et al., 2016] and 20 in the Nearctic region [ Khalaim, 2002; Horstmann, 2013; Khalaim, Ruíz-Cancino, 2018].

Figures

Figs 24–28. Phradis curvicauda, holotype female: 24 — habitus, lateral view; 25 — head with antennae, lateral view; 26 — head and mesosoma, lateral view; 27 — propodeum, dorsal view; 28 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, lateral view. Рис. 24–28. Phradis curvicauda, голотип, самка: 24 — габитус, сбоку; 25 — голова с антеннами, сбоку; 26 — голова и меЗосома, сбоку; 27 — проподеум, сверху; 28 — верШина метасомы с Яйцекладом, сбоку.

Figs 32–34. Phradis flavipes, holotype female: 32 — habitus, lateral view; 33 — head with antennae, lateral view; 34 — head and mesosoma, lateral view. Рис. 32–34. Phradis flavipes, голотип, самка: 32 — габитус, сбоку; 33 — голова с антеннами, сбоку; 34 — голова и меЗосома, сбоку.

Figs 9–13. Phradis basalis, holotype female: 9 — habitus, lateral view; 10 — head with antennae, lateral view; 11 — head and mesosoma, lateral view; 12 — propodeum, dorsal view; 13 — metasoma with ovipositor, lateral view. Рис. 9–13. Phradis basalis, голотип, самка: 9 — габитус, сбоку; 10 — голова с антеннами, сбоку; 11 — голова и меЗосома, сбоку; 12 — проподеум, сверху; 13 — метасома с Яйцекладом, сбоку.

Figs 14–18. Phradis brevicauda, holotype female: 14 — habitus, lateral view; 15 — head with antennae, anterolateral view; 16 — head and mesosoma, lateral view; 17 — propodeum, dorsal view; 18 — metasoma with ovipositor, lateral view. Рис. 14–18. Phradis brevicauda, голотип, самка: 14 — габитус, сбоку; 15 — голова с антеннами, спереди и сбоку; 16 — голова и меЗосома, сбоку; 17 — проподеум, сверху; 18 — метасома с Яйцекладом, сбоку.

Figs 19–23. Phradis coriaceus, holotype female: 19 — habitus, lateral view; 20 — head with antennae, lateral view; 21 — head and mesosoma, lateral view; 22 — propodeum, dorsal view; 23 — apex of metasoma with ovipositor, lateral view. Рис. 19–23. Phradis coriaceus, голотип, самка: 19 — габитус, сбоку; 20 — голова с антеннами, сбоку; 21 — голова и меЗосома, сбоку; 22 — проподеум, сверху; 23 — верШина метасомы и Яйцеклад, сбоку.