Dichotomius (Cephagonus) reichei (Haroldı 1869)

Nunes, Rafael V. & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., 2019, Taxonomic revision of Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt 1929 and the taxonomic status of remaining Dichotomius Hope 1838 subgenera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini), Journal of Natural History 53 (37), pp. 2231-2351 : 2307-2310

3.4.: Dichotomius (Cephagonus) reichei (Haroldı 1869) ( Figure 31 )

Pinotus reichei Harold 1869 ı p. 138 (description)

Pinotus transiens Luederwaldt 1928 ı p. 64 (description) new synonym

Pinotus transitus Luederwaldt 1929 ı p. 138 (description) new synonym

Pinotus bicuspis simillimus Luederwaldt 1935 ı p. 341 new synonym

Pinotus transiens ı Blackwelder 1944 ı p. 208

Pinotus transitus ı Blackwelder 1944 ı p. 208

Dichotomius (selenocopris) transiens ı Martínez 1951 ı p. 142

Dichotomius (selenocopris) reichei ı Martínez 1951 ı p. 142

Dichotomius (selenocopris) enrietti Vernalha 1952 ı p. 39 (description) new synonym Dichotomius (selenocopris) bicuspis var. simillimus ı Vaz-de-Mello 2000 ı p. 193 Dichotomius (selenocopris) enrietti ı Vaz-de-Mello 2000 ı p. 193.

Diagnosis. this species is separated from other in the group by the following combined characters: clypeo-genal angulation in larger males acute and forming a teeth (like D. edmondsi , D. paschoali , D. frizzasae ); males pronotal disc with a central pair of lobes on anterior portion; males cephalic horn or tubercle rounded apically and paramera in dorsal and ventral view with sub-apical spine and subtle narrowed towards apex. Externallyı this species is very similar to D. fissiceps , D. frizzasae , D. barbarae and D. furtadoi and is differentiated by type-locality and paramera characters.

● LECTOTYPE of Pinotus reichei (femaleı here designated): politus Germar {whiteı handwritten}/{green label}/ Reichei typ. Harold {whiteı handwritten}/Ex-Musaeo E. Harold {white with black marginsı printed}/ = bicuspis apud Harold {whiteı handwritten}/ Museum Paris ex Coll. R. Oberthur {greenı printed} [MNHN];

● HOLOTYPE of Pinotus transiens (female) ( Figure 30 (a-c)): Paraguay Sa. Trinidad. xi- 1913 {whiteı printed}/Typus {redı printed}/ Pinotus transiens Luederw. {whiteı handwritten}/Fichado {whiteı handwritten in blue}/MACN-En 1501 {whiteı printed}/ Dichotomius (s.) bicuspis (Germ) A. Martínez-DET 1951 {whiteı partially handwritten} [MACN].

● LECTOTYPE of Pinotus bicuspis var. similimus (maleı here designated): Minas Geraes P. Alegre anno 1905 {white with black marginsı partially handwritten}/COTIPO {red with black marginsı printed}/ Pinotus bicuspis G. forma a Lued. det. 23 {whiteı handwritten}/ Pinotus bicuspis var. similimus Lüder. Lüder. det.1934 {whiteı handwritten}/25875 {whiteı printed}/14 {whiteı printed} [ MZSP];

● HOLOTYPE of Pinotus transitus : same specimen above.

● HOLOTYPE of Dichotomius enrietti : we have not found the type material of this species name. A scrutinising on the description led us to conclude that this is a new synonym of D. reichei because of their very similar parameraı head shape and complementary distribution (we have found similar specimens with same genitalia of D. reichei occurring in the state of Paraná).

Non-type material examined. ARGENTINA: Misiones: Alto Paraná. 18-xi-2013. GA Zurita [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Puerto Libertad. Fezes. ii-2010. MN Peyres [1 Ƌ at CEMT]. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: Santa Helena. El Pantanal. 17³57 ʹ 53 ʹ ’ Sı 59³01 ʹ 33 ʹ ’ W. 4-ii-1997. C Jordan [1 Ƌ at CEMT]. BRASIL: Distrito Federal: Brasília. B Dias [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; same municipality but 11-xi -1979. J Celso [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; same municipality at Estação Experimental Unb. 15³44 ʹ 13 ” Sı 47 ³52 ʹ 56 ” W. Carion. 6-xi-2012; idem at APA Cafuringaı Córrego do Ouro. Gallery forest. Human faeces. 26-ii-2014. RV Nunes [2 ƋƋı 2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; idem at Planaltina. Embrapa CPA C. 15³36 ʹ 24 ” Sı 47³42 ʹ 45 ʹ ’ W. Cerradão. FIT. 28-xi-2013. CM Oliveira [1 Ƌı 2 ♀♀ at CEMT]. Goiás: Catalão. S. Universitário. vi-2009. N Borges [3 ƋƋı 2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; Goiânia. 27- x-1999. B Santos [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; same municipality but x-2012. AS Tissiani [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Niquelândia. x-1994 [1 ♀ at CEMT]; São Jorge. Vale da Lua. 14³10 ʹ 52 ʹ ’ Sı 47³47 ʹ 24 ʹ ’ W. Gallery forest. Human faeces. 14-i-2011. RV Nunes & MS Gigliotti [6 ♀♀ at CEMT]; Same data but collected with banana [2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same municipality but PARNA Veadeiros. 14³06 ʹ 16 ” Sı 47³42 ʹ 24 ʹ ’ W. Human faeces. 24-i-2015. MVC Rocha [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Mato Grosso: Rio Caraguatá. iii-1953. F Plauman [5 ♀♀ at DZUP]; Mato Grosso do Sul: Bodoquena. Assentamento Canaã. 20³46 ’ Sı 56 ³46 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. xi-2009. FO Roque [4 ƋƋı 3 ♀♀ at CEMT]; Bonito. Fazenda Arco-Íris. 20³42 ’ Sı 56 ³52 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. xi- 2009. FO Roque [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same municipality at Fazenda Brasil Bonito. 21³06 ’ Sı 56 ³38 ʹ W. xi-2009. FO Roque [2 ƋƋ at CEMT]; same data but collected with banana [4 ƋƋı 6 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same data but collected with faeces [2 ƋƋı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but collected with rotten liver [5 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same municipality at Fazenda Palmeirinhas. 21³11 ’ Sı 56 ³33 ʹ W. xi-2009. FO Roque [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; same data but collected with banana [2 ƋƋ at CEMT]; same municipality at Fazenda Pitangueiras. 20³52 ’ Sı 56 ³35 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. xi-2009. FO Roque [2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; idem at Hotel Cabanas. 21³10 ’ Sı 56 ³26 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. xii-2010. L Bavutti [1 ♀ a CEMT]; Corumbá. Fazenda São Bento. FIT. 6-xii-2010. FR Tortato [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Dourados. 9-x-2008. MM Rodrigues [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Ivinhema. 22³31 ’ Sı 53 ³53 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. iii-2011. L Bavutti [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Jardim Rio da Prata. 21³25 ’ Sı 56 ³27 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. iii-2011. L Bavutti [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Três Lagoas. Horto Moeda. ii-2008. M Uehara-Prado [1 Ƌı 1f# at CEMT]; Minas Gerais: Campos Altos. ix-1994. PS Fiuza [2 ƋƋ at CEMT]; Caxambú. xii-1990. A Bello [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Cordisburgo. Lagoa Bonita. i-2011. FZ Vaz-de-Mello [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same municipality at Fazenda Pontinhas. xii-1993. FZ Vaz-de-Mello [2 ƋƋı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but i-1994 [2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same data but x-1995 [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but ii-1996 [3 ƋƋı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Diamantina. PE Rio Preto. Mata Ciliar. S Lourenço [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Ibiá. 20- x-1965. C Elias [10 ƋƋı 14 ♀♀ at DZUP]; Ibitira. xii-1990. JC Zanuncio [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; same municipality but i-1992. FZ Vaz-de-Mello [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but xii-1998 [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Ipatinga. xi-1992. E Grossi [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Lavras. 30-ix-1987. JNC Louzada [2 ƋƋ at CEMT]; same municipality but 18-x-2000. Pamela [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; idem at 21³18 ʹ 13 ʹ ’ Sı 44³59 ʹ 41 ʹ ’ W. 20-i-2008. DHT Takahashi [24 ƋƋı 16 ♀♀ at CEMT]; idem at Campus UFLA. xi-2001. FZ Vaz-de-Mello [1 ♀ at CEMT]; idem at Mata do Capivari. 21³16 ʹ 05 ” Sı 44³16 ʹ 57 ʹ ’ W. xii-2001. G Schiffler [2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; idem at Poço Bonito. x-2011. P Grossi & FZ Vaz-de-Mello [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; idem at Serrinha. 3-iii-2007. DHT Takahashi [18 ƋƋı 31 ♀♀ at CEMT]; Martinho Campos. xi-1990. [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Moema. 23-i-1990. SBG Vita [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Nova Era. xii-1991. JC Zanuncio [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Nova Lima. xii-1996. GLD Leite [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Paraopeba. iii-1997. S Lourenço [9 ƋƋı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; São Roque de Minas. PN Serra da Canastra. 20³16 ’ Sı 46 ³24 ʹ W. Campo limpo. MF Souza [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Três Marias. Luz UV. 6-xi-1991 [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Uberaba. x-1995. FZ Vaz-de-Mello [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; São Paulo: Agudos. Mata Semidecidual. Luz UV. Xii-1992. JLS Maia [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Descalvado. 21³54 ’ Sı 47 ³43 ʹ W. Pitfall. 6-iv-2006. NW Perioto [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but 19- x-2006 [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but 9-i-2007 [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but 9-ii-2007 [4 ƋƋı 2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same data but 16-i-2008 [3 ƋƋ at CEMT]; Itirapina. ESEC Cerrado. 22³14 ʹ 26 ʹ ’ Sı 47³50 ʹ 05 ” Wı 751 m. Fezes humanas. 30-i-2009. FAB Silva [2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same locality but i-1993. G Machado [1 Ƌ at CEMT]. PARAGUAY: Caaguasu. i-1970. J Anders [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Canindeyú. Jejuí. Parna Bosque Maracayú. 24³07 ’ Sı 55 ³31 ʹ W. 10-21-i-1997. C Aguilar [3 ƋƋı 3 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same data but 30-xi-2010. S Bily [2 Ƌı 2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; Cororó. 8-23-ii-1993. [2 ƋƋı 2 ♀♀ at CEMT].

Redescription. colour: blackı shiny. Head: fronto-clypealı genal and inter-ocular surfaces smooth. Gena borders slightly curved inward. Cephalic carina longer than wideı conical with rounded apex. Pronotum: borders smoothı not serrated. Pronotal disc shinyı lacking punctures and with a pair of central lobes on anterior portion. Anterior regionı adjacent to eyes with coarse deeply impressed punctures. Posterior margin with a row of ocellate punctures. Metasternum: sides and margins of anterior lobe covered by long hair. Anterior portion of anterior lobe glabrous but bearing coarse and ocellate punctures. Setigerous punctures equally spaced at sides. Elytra: striae deeply impressed having fine punctures spaced by twice their diameter. First interstriae (near elytral suture) convex in relation to other interstriae which are flat. Interstriae disc with dark brown colourı lacking microsculpture with very fine punctures (20x). Abdomen: sides of each ventrite excavated. 1st ventrite having groups of 1 – 4 setae at sides. Puncture of each ventrite interrupted medially as well as groove along the posterior margin of sixth ventrite. Aedeagus: ( Figure 31 (d-f)). Dorsallyı paramere apexes roundedı parallel; longitudinal excavation present taking the whole paramera length; basal excavation presentı rounded. Laterallyı abrupt declivity from basis towards apex. Ventrallyı basis with three tuberclesı one central and two lateral ones. Subgenital plate emarginated apically and basally.

Morphological variation. males BL: 14 – 20 mmı PW: 8 – 12 mm. Male genitalia comparison allows us to identify three phenotypes. Larger males (redescribed above) bear pronotal lobes and cephalic horns well developed. In some of these larger specimensı the double lobe may be replaced by a single central lobe. Smaller males pronotum lobes are replaced by a single subtle protuberance while cephalic horn is produced in a single conical tubercle. Howeverı both phenotypes and females have similar puncture and hair distribution pattern. Females BL: 12 – 20 mmı PW: 7 – 12 mm. Distinguished from males as follows: Head: fronto-clypeal surface striated. Coarse puncture present posterior to cephalic carina near both eyes. Cephalic carina transversalı forming a weak pair of tubercles. Pronotum: simply convexı lacking lobes. Elytra: striae deeply impressedı punctures separated by twice their diameter. Blue sheen present near basis. Abdomen: sixth ventrite bearing a pair of weak tubercles at central portion.

Distribution. Atlantic forest of Argentina (Missiones); Brazil (states of DFı MGı MSı SP); Paraguay (type localityı Caaguazuı Canideyú and Cororó) ( Figure 29 ).

Remarks. chosen Lectotype of Pinotus reichei holds indicative type labels while Lectotype of P. ascanius var. simillimus is the most developed male of Luederwaldt ’ s type series. Martínez (1951) considered Pinotus transiens (now a synonym of P. reichei ) as a junior synonym of Pinotus bicuspis ı this decision was taken after the comparison of Luederwaldt ’ s holotype of Pinotus transiens and a series of an unknown species misidentified as Pinotus bicuspis in Martínez ’ s collection at the time (see the comments on Dichotomius (selenocopris) type species). We discard the hypothesis of the holotype of Pinotus transiens being a female of D. bicuspis because it lacks emarginations lateral to each clypeal teeth – condition found both in males and females of D. bicuspis according to Germar ’ s (1824) type comparison and description. The females of D. reichei (= transiens ) also has a very subtle clypeo-genal angulation and its gena and clypeal borders are straight (contrary to D. bicuspis ). Besidesı females of the quadraticeps groupı mainly of those species close to D. fissiceps ı have a different sixth ventrite shape compared to females of D. bicuspis groupı on which the ventrite is simply widened ( Figure 7 (e-g)). The separation of the species in the quadraticeps group only using females is very difficult because there is practically no interspecific variation on females as it occurs with males paramera.

Figures

Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens.

Figure 29. Distribution map of D. fissiceps and D. reichei.

Figure 30. D. semicircularis: (a) Holotype male dorsal habitus; (b) type labels; (c) male dorsal habitus; (d) paramera dorsal view; (e) paramera ventral view; (f) paramera lateral view; (g) detail of 1st and 2nd elytral intersriae.

Figure 31. D. reichei: (a) Holotype dorsal habitus of Pinotus transiens (female), a synonym of the species; (b) male dorsal habitus; (c) type labels; (d) paramera dorsal view; (e) paramera ventral view; (f) paramera lateral view.