Apogonichthyini Snodgrass & Heller 1905

Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro & Nishida, Mutsumi, 2014, Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters, Zootaxa 3846 (2), pp. 151-203 : 178

Tribe Apogonichthyini Snodgrass & Heller 1905

Type genus Apogonichthys Bleeker 1854a

Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae : dorsal fin VII(I) or VIII+I,7–10; anal fin II,7–9; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales, 3–24, scales not pored with groove or pit in scale; preopercle smooth on ridge, serrate or smooth on edges, where smooth a narrow weakly ossified to unossified flap; three supraneurals; supramaxilla narrow, reduced or absent; basisphenoid reduced or absent; one pair of uroneurals present; three epurals; five free hypurals or 1–2 fused and 3–4 fused, one or more fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; caudal fin emarginate, truncate or rounded; head and body reddish, brownish or blackish without stripes, often with pale or dark spots on body.

Other characteristics. two supernumerary spines; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 11–16; three supraneurals; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (one species present on ectopterygoid) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; 10+14 or 10+15 ( Vincentia ) vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8–9 epineurals; low crest on PU2.

Distribution. Apogonichthys , Foa Jordan & Evermann in Jordan & Seale 1905, are widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan, Hawaii and French Polynesia; Fowleria Jordan & Evermann 1903 and Neamia from the Red Sea, East Africa to Japan and French Polynesia; and Vincentia known from warmtemperate Australia.

Remarks. This tribe contains five genera, Apogonichthys , Neamia , Foa , Fowleria and Vincentia , almost corresponding to the clade III in the molecular trees ( Figs. 2–6 , Table 4 ). The last genus, Vincentia , was tentatively included in this tribe, because it was sister to the clade III in the trees of Figs. 2 , 3 and 4 . Members are morphologically defined by the following characters: the smooth preopercle edges, rounded caudal fin, a reduced supramaxilla, and 10+14 vertebrae. Vincentia does not show these morphological features, and was sister not to the clade III, but to Glossamia in tree in Fig. 5 . Thus, Vincentia may not belong to this tribe. Species of Neamia were not part of the molecular analysis, but thought to belong to this tribe through morphological synapomorphies (smooth preopercle edges, reduced supramaxilla, rounded caudal fin and color patterns).

Apogonichthyidae has been used several times first by Snodgrass & Heller (1905) with two species of Eastern Pacific Apogon , then by Jordan & Evermann (1905) with Apogonichthys and other apogonids and again by Jordan & Seale (1905) with Amia Gronow in Gray 1854a an unavailable name for Apogon and other apogonids. No type genus was mentioned by any of these authors. Jordan and co-workers had previously used Apogonidae . The stem of Apogonichthyidae is Apogonichthy. We use the tribal name in conjunction with Apogonichthys Bleeker 1854a the source of the stem.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree from the partitioned maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis. Numbers besides internal branches indicate bootstrap probabilities (BPs) from 1000 replicates (only those of> 50% shown). Species names of recent Ostorhinchus [we included here Apogonichthyoides melas as a possible Ostorhinchus, following Mabuchi et al. (2006)] were blue, those of Apogon sensu lato [genus Apogon in Fraser (1972)] excepting the Ostorhinchus red, and those of genus Rhabdamia in Fraser (1972) green. The names of the twelve major clades (clades I to XII) within the Apogoninae were indicated on the left of the corresponding clades. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML, Bayesian (BA: Fig. 3), and most parsimonious (MP: Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks.

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree (50% majority-rule consensus tree) from the partitioned Bayesian (BA) analysis. Numbers besides internal branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPs: shown as percentages, only those of> 50% shown). Species names were colored as in Figure 2. The names of the twelve major clades were indicated as in Figure 2. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and most parsimonious (MP: Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks.

FIGURE 4. Strict consensus tree of two of the five most parsimonious (MP) trees (MP tree-A). Numbers besides internal branches indicate bootstrap probabilities (BPs) from 1000 replicates (only those of> 50% shown). Topological incongruity between the two MP trees denoted by an arrowhead. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and MP (Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks. Species names were colored as in Figure 2. The names of the twelve clades were indicated as in Figure 2.

FIGURE 5. Strict consensus tree of the remaining three of the five most parsimonious (MP) trees (MP tree-B). Topological incongruities between the three MP trees denoted by arrowheads. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and MP (Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks. This tree was largely different from the MP tree-A (Fig. 4) in the positions of Pterapogon kauderni and Vincentia novaehollandiae.

FIGURE 6. Strict consensus tree of the ML, BA and MP trees shown in Figures 2-5. Species names were colored as in Figures 2–5. The names of the twelve major clades (clades I to XII) within the Apogoninae were indicated besides the corresponding clades, while the names of the thirteen tribes (defined based on morphological characters) on the right of corresponding major and minor clades. The tribe Lepidamiini is not in the tree. Tribes with solid bars include species of Apogon sensu lato, and those with open bars do not include it. Geographic ranges were indicated on the right of the clades only for the species of clade II (Apogonini), all the other apogonids occurring on Indo-Pacific Basin. For the revised genus names of some species, see Appendix A.