Artines aepitus ( Geyer, 1832 )

Medeiros, Adalberto Dantas De, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Carneiro, Eduardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2019, Taxonomic revision of Artines Godman, 1901 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini) with the description of nine new species, Zootaxa 4614 (1), pp. 1-49 : 8-10

Artines aepitus ( Geyer, 1832)

Figs 5 , 27 , 42 , 54, 66, 78

Thracides aepitus Geyer, 1832 , in Hübner. Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4, p. 18, pl. [114], figs 659, 660 (male d, v); male, Java, de Luxerre leg.—Kirby, 1908-1912, in Hübner. Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett., reed., p. 26.— Hemming, 1937. Hübner 1, p. 477, 482.

Nisoniades aepitus ; Westwood, 1852, in Doubleday. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 519.

Cobalus aepitus ; Herrich-Schäffer, 1869. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23: 203.

Phlebodes aepitus ; Butler, 1870. Ent. monthly Mag. 7: 93.

Pamphila aepitus ; Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 604.

Hesperia aepitus ; Kirby*, 1879. Cat. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 221.— Plötz, 1882. Stett. ent. Ztg. 44:34.

Artines atizies Godman, 1901 , in Godman & Salvin. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep.-Rhop. 2, p. 608; 3, pl. 103, figs 49 (male v), 50 (male gen.); male and female; Panama, near the city, J. J. Walker leg.; Venezuela; Guyana, Tukutu River; Brazil, Espírito Santo; Trinidad.—Mabille*, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 17, p. 164.— Kaye, 1904. Trans. ent. Soc. London, p. 217.— Kaye, 1921. Mem. Dept. Agric. Trinidad Tob. 21: 150.— Draudt, 1923, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 986, pl. 190a (v).— Williams & Bell, 1931. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 57: 285.—Hall, 1939. Agric. Jour. Brit. Guiana 10: 234.—Hall, 1940. Ent. Bull. Brit. Guiana Dept. Agric. 3: 7.— Bell, 1946. Bol. Ent. venezol. 5: 177.— Barcant, 1970. Butt. Trinidad Tob., p. 302.— Lewis, 1973. Butt. World, p. 80, fig. 42 (v), p. 244.— Lewis, 1975. Marip. Mundo, p. 80, fig. 42 (v), p. 244.

Artines aepitus ; Draudt*, 1923, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 987, pl. 190a (v).—Lindsey, 1925. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 79.— Evans, 1949. Cat. Hesp. Europe, Asia & Australia, p. 477.— Evans, 1955. Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4, p. 107, pl. 60 (male gen.); syn.: atizies . — Cock, 1982. Occ. Pap. Dept. Zool. UWI 5: 15; syn.: atizies .— Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 1, p. 2, 11; 2, p. 3; syn.: atizies .— de Jong, 1983. Tijd. Ent. 126: 244; syn.: atizies .—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 1, p. 3, 18; 2, p. 5; syn.: atizies .—O. Mielke & Casagrande, 1992. Acta Amaz. 21: 199.—Lamas*, 1994, in Foster et al. RAP Working Papers 6: 175, 183.— Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-Group, Gen.-Group, Sp. Group Nam. Hesp. (Lep.) World 8, p. 3, 21; 9, p. 6; syn.: atizies .—Lamas; Robbins & Harvey*, [1997]. Rev. peruana Ent. 39: 69.—O. Mielke & Casagrande, 1998, in Milliken & Ratter. Maracá , p. 477.— Murray, 2000. Jour. Res. Lep. 35: 53.—O. Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 62, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A; syn.: atizies , itizies, aepetus .—O. Mielke, 2005. Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 4, p. 832; syn.: atizies , itizies, aepetus .—Garwood et al*., 2007. Butt. South. Amaz., p. 238, fig. (v).—Garwood et al.*, 2009. Butt. South. Amaz., 2 nd ed., p. 327, fig. (v).— Cock, 2011. Liv. World 2011: 19, fig. 13 (male v, d).—Gernaat; Beckles & Andel*, 2012. Butt. Suriname, p. 185, 291, pl. 13, figs 12, 13 (male d, v).—Garwood & Lehman*, 2013. Butt. C. Amer. 3, Hesp., p. 227, 228, figs (male d, v, female v).— Cock, 2014. Insecta Mundi 393: 24.

Itines [sic] itizies [sic]; Weeks, 1911. Ill. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. XV.

(no genus) atizies ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 68, 88.

Artines epitus [sic]; Gernaat; Beckles & Andel, 2012. Butt. Suriname, p. 603.

Taxonomic history. Thracides aepitus Geyer, 1832 was described based on an unstated number of males from “Java”. Later, the species was relocated to Nisoniades Hübner , [1819] (Westood 1852), Cobalus Hübner , [1819] ( Herrich-Schäffer 1869), Phlebodes Hübner , [1819] ( Butler 1870), Pamphila Fabricius, 1807 ( Kirby 1871) and Hesperia Fabricius, 1793 ( Kirby 1879) . The type locality published by Geyer (1832) was corrected by Evans (1949) to South America.

Artines atizies Godman, 1901 was described based on an unstated number of males and females from Panama City, Panama; Venezuela; Takutu River, Guyana; Espírito Santo, Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago. According to Evans (1955), Artines atizies is a synonymous of Artines aepitus ( Geyer, 1832) an interpretation that has been widely adopted. The other authors mentioned this species in taxonomic comments, faunistic studies and catalogs.

Diagnosis. Artines aepitus differs from the other species of the “ aepitus group” in the following combination of characters: ventral process of harpe wide, longer than tegumen+uncus and with distal 1/3 angled; dorsal process of harpe on proximal margin; sterigma triangular; lamella antevaginalis with triangular proximo-ventral folds; lamella postvaginalis with weakly developed proximo-ventral expansions, slightly bilobed.

Redescription. Head: antenna with nudum bearing 12 segments.

Forewing length: 14–15 mm.

Dorsal forewing: two or three apical spots, spot in R 5 –M 1 slightly displaced to base; discal spot in M 3 –CuA 1 rounded and spot in CuA 1 –CuA 2 arched; spot in CuA 2 –2A present or absent.

Ventral forewing ( Fig. 5B ): three apical white to blue spots, spot in R 2 –R 3 not very conspicuous; discal spots as on dorsal surface, but more conspicuous; apical area with yellow and gray scales concentrated along veins, between R 3 and CuA 2.

Ventral hind wing ( Fig. 5B ): apical portion of discal cell with few yellow scales; central black spot longer than wide; blue discal spots rounded.

Genitalia ( Figs 27 A–L, 42): tegumen more or less quadrate, with proximal margin straight and distal margin convex and slightly rounded ( Fig. 27C ), in lateral view, shorter than length of gnathos; ventral arm of tegumen longer than dorsal arm of saccus ( Fig. 27A ). Saccus as long as tegumen+uncus, base with the same size as lateral margin ( Fig. 27B ). Uncus, in dorsal view, rectangular, about one and a half times longer than wide, shorter than tegumen and without disto-lateral projections, distal margin approximately straight ( Fig. 27C ). Gnathos as in the other species of the group ( Figs 27A, 27D ). Valva three and a half times longer than wide; sacculus about 1/2 width of valva; costa narrow, not contiguous with ampulla; ampulla elongated, shorter than costa, distally directed ventrally; ventral process of harpe wide, longer than tegumen+uncus, distal 1/3 angular, apical setae thick and long, in dorsal view narrow and slightly arched inwards; dorsal process of harpe on proximal margin, triangular in dorsal view and narrower than ventral process ( Fig. 27 E–F). Aedeagus shorter than valva, moderately curved dorsally; ventral projection distally pointed and slightly curved ventrally ( Fig. 27 G–J); posterior end of cornutus broad and triangular, with thin and straight spines ( Fig. 42 ).

Female ( Fig. 5 C–D). Forewing length: 13.5–14 mm. Similar to male.

Genitalia ( Figs 54 A–B, 66): tergum VIII with complete spiracular opening. Sterigma triangular; lamella antevaginalis with proximo-ventral folds triangular and short; lamella postvaginalis without lateral fold, distal projections narrow, separated medially by a shallow and narrow indentation, proximo-lateral projections weakly developed and bilobed. Ostium narrow, surrounded by membranous areas; ductus bursae without sclerotized plates.

Variation. The white spots of forewing vary in shape and size. The discal spots are always present and the apical spots vary from one to two.

Comments. The male genitalia of A. aepitus are similar to A. panama sp. nov., differing in the ventral process of harpe with distal 1/3 angled and dorsal process on proximal margin.

Kirby (1879) recorded this species from the states of Pará and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Since this species is from the Amazon, the record from Rio de Janeiro may be correspond to A. litoralis sp. nov.. The record from Pará cannot be confirmed, since species similar to A. aepitus occur in the Amazon. According to Godman (1901), A. atizies occurs in Panama and Espírito Santo, Brazil and according to Evans (1955) it occurs in Pernambuco, Brazil. The record from Panama most likely corresponds to A. panama sp. nov., whereas the records from Brazil may correspond to A. litoralis sp. nov. The other authors who mention the species as occurring in Panama probably followed the identification of the authors cited above ( Mabille 1904; Draudt 1923; Bell 1946; Lewis 1973; Garwood & Lehman 2013). The records from Peru need confirmation, since other species with similar wing pattern occur in that region ( Bell 1946; Evans 1955; Lamas 1994; Lamas et al. [1997]; Garwood et al. 2007, 2009).

Geographic distribution ( Fig. 78 ). The species occurs along the Amazon Rainforest, with records concentrated to the north and west, extending to Trinidad & Tobago. VENEZUELA— Monagas: Jusepín. TRINIDAD & TOBAGO ( Godman 1901)— Arima and Diego Martin ( Cock 2011). Couva / Tabaquite / Talparo: Caparo and Las Lomas ( Cock 2011). Port of Spain ( Kaye 1904). Sangre Grande: Cumaca ( Cock 2011). GUYANA— Alto Takutu- Alto Essequibo ( Godman 1901). SURINAME ( Cock 2014)— Brokopondo: Paramaribo (Gernaat; Beckles & Van Andel 2012). Marowijne: Moengo ( Williams & Bell 1931). Para ( de Jong 1983). FRENCH GUIANA— St-Laurentdu-Maroni: Saül. BRAZIL— Pará. Roraima: Alto Alegre. ECUADOR— Napo ( Murray 2000). Imbabura ( Evans 1955). PERU— Huánuco: Tingo Maria.

Temporal distribution. This species occurs in February, April, June, July, August and October. According to the bibliography it also occurs in May ( Williams & Bell 1931), January, March and December ( Cock 2011).

Host plant. Unknown.

Etymology. Not informed by the author.

Type material. Syntypes of Thracides aepitus were not found in the ZMHU, where other Geyer types are deposited. The absence of primary types associated to the great morphological similarity of A. aepitus with the other species of the genus has led to several misidentification which unable the recognition of the diversity of the group. Thus, in order to ensure the stability and correct identification of this name, a male neotype for Thracides aepitus is here designated, referred by Evans (1955) as Artines aepitus . This specimen, illustrated by Warren et al. (2018), is deposited at NHMUK and has the following labels: / Type H. T. / Type / Takutu R[iver], Brit. Guiana. H. Whitely. / ♂ / Sp. figured. / Sp. figured. / Photo’d / B. C. A. Lep. Rhop. Artines atizies, Godm. / Godman-Salvin Coll. 1913.-2. / 919 /. Two other labels will be added: / Neotypus / Neotypus Thracides aepitus Geyer, 1832 Medeiros, Dolibaina, Carneiro, O. Mielke & Casagrande det. 2018/.

The material studied by Godman (1901) of Artines atizies is deposited in the NHMUK. Given that this name has been proposed for individuals of both sexes from numerous countries, probably including more than one species (see comments section), a lectotype is here designated in order to ensure its stability and correct identification. The syntype male from Guyana, interpreted by Evans (1955) as the type of this taxon, is here referred to as the lectotype, while the other specimens studied by the author are not considered paralectotypes. This specimen is the same as the above-named neotype of Thracides aepitus , to which the following labels will be added: / Lectotypus / Lectotypus Artines atizies Godman, 1901 Medeiros, Dolibaina, Carneiro, O. Mielke & Casagrande det. 2018 /. The neotype and lectotype labels will be sent to the curator of the NHMUK.

Examined material. The neotype and lectotype designated above and the following specimens:VENEZUELA— Monagas: Jusepín, 1 male, 1 female, 1.X.1965, F. Fernandes & C. J. Rosales leg., OM 29.417, OM 30.125 ( OM). FRENCH GUIANA— St-Laurent-du-Maroni: Saül, 1 male, 15.VIII.2015, no collector, DZ 41.873 ( DZUP). BRA- ZIL— Roraima: Alto Alegre (Ilha de Maracá ), 1 female, 26.XI–2.XII.1987, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.790 ( DZUP). Pará: (Rio Cuminá), 1 female, 26.III.1936, d’Almeida leg., OM 11.915 ( OM). PERU—Huánuco: Tingo Maria (Cueva de Las Pavas), 1 male, IV.2016, Ramirez leg., OM 80.822 ( OM).

Figures

FIGURE 78. Geographic distribution of the “aepitus group” species. The symbols with white inferior half represent records from literature.

FIGURES 5–8. Species of the “aepitus group” in dorsal and ventral views. 5. Artines aepitus, A–B: male, Cueva de Las Pavas, Tingo Maria, Huánuco, Peru (OM 80.822), C–D: female, Ilha de Maracá, Alto Alegre, Roraima, Brazil (DZ 41.790). 6. Artines panama sp. nov., A–B: holotype male, C–D: allotype female. 7. Artines solange sp. nov., A–B: holotype male, C–D: tentative female, Sumaúma, Maranhão, Brazil (DZ 41.800). 8. Artines delfos sp. nov., A–B: holotype male. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURES 27–29. Male genitalia of the “aepitus group” species. 27. Artines aepitus, Jusepín, Monagas, Venezuela (OM 29.417). 28. Artines panama sp. nov., holotype. 29. Artines solange sp. nov., holotype. A) lateral view of tegumen, saccus, uncus and gnathos. B) ventral view of saccus. C) dorsal view of tegumen, uncus and gnathos. D) ventral view of tegumen, uncus and gnathos. E) interior view of right valva. F) dorsal view of right valva. G) dorsal view of aedeagus and vesica. H) left lateral view of aedeagus. I) ventral view of aedeagus. J) right lateral view of aedeagus. K) dorsal view of fultura inferior. L) lateral view of fultura inferior. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 42–48. Dorsal view of vesica and cornutus of the "aepitus group" species. 42. Artines aepitus. 43. Artines panama sp. nov.. 44. Artines delfos sp. nov.. 45. Artines litoralis sp. nov.. 46. Artines rica. 47. Artines liege sp. nov. 48. Artines bamba sp. nov. Scale bar = 0,2 mm.

FIGURES 54–60. Female genitalia of the “aepitus group” species. 54. Artines aepitus, Jusepín, Monagas, Venezuela (OM 30. 125). 55. Artines panama sp. nov., allotype. 56. Artines solange sp. nov. (tentative female), Sumaúma, Maranhão, Brazil (DZ 41.800). 57. Artines litoralis sp. nov., paratype, Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil (DZ 41.820). 58. Artines rica, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica (DZ 41.840). 59. Artines liege sp. nov., paratype, Parque do Gama, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (DZ 41.830). 60. Artines bamba sp. nov. (tentative female), Moyobamba, San Martin, Peru (OM 81.229). A) lateral view of tergum VIII, sterigma and papilla analis; B) ventral view of esterigma. Scale bar = 1 mm.