Phallus indusiatus Vent., Mem . Inst. Natl. Sci., Sci. Math. 1: 520, 1798

Cabral, Tiara S., Silva, Bianca DB., Martin, Maria P., Clement, Charles R., Hosaka, Kentaro & Baseia, Iuri G., 2019, Behind the veil - exploring the diversity in Phallus indusiatus s. l. (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota), MycoKeys 58, pp. 103-127 : 114-117

Phallus indusiatus Vent., Mem. Inst. Natl. Sci., Sci. Math. 1: 520, 1798 Figure 7

≡ Dictyophora indusiata (Vent.) Desv., J. Bot., Paris 2: 92 (1809)

≡ Hymenophallus indusiatus (Vent.) Nees, Syst. Pilze ( Würzburg): 251 (1816)

= Dictyophora indusiata f. rosea (Ces.) Kobayasi, J. Jap. Bot. 40: 180 (1965)

= Dictyophora indusiata f. callichroa ( Möller) Kobayasi, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 6: 6 (1965)

= Hymenophallus roseus Ces., Atti Accad. Sci. fis. mat. Napoli 8(8): 12 (1879)

= Hymenophallus duplicatus (Bosc) Nees, Syst. Pilze ( Würzburg): 251 (1816)

= Phallus duplicatus Bosc, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 5: 86 (1811)

= Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc) E. Fisch., in Berlese, De Toni & Fischer, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 7(1): 6 (1888)

= Dictyophora rosea (Ces.) E. Fisch., in Saccardo, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 7(1): 6 (1888)

= Dictyophora phalloidea var. rosea (Ces.) Lloyd, Synopsis of the known phalloids 7: 20 (1909)

= Dictyophora phalloidea var. callichroa ( Möller) Lloyd, Synopsis of the known phalloids 7: 20 (1909)

= Dictyophora callichroa Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 7: 129, 148 (1895)

≡ Phallus callichrous ( Möller) Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 7: 6 (1907)

= Phallus indusiatus var. rochesterensis (Lloyd) Lloyd, Synopsis of the known phalloids 7: 81 (1909)

= Phallus rochesterensis Lloyd, Synopsis of the known phalloids 7: 20 (1909)

= Dictyophora phalloidea var. rochesterensis (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 21: 460 (1912)

= Dictyophora indusiata f. aurantiaca Kobayasi, Nov. fl. jap. 2: 83 (1938)

= Phallus indusiatus f. citrinus K. Das, S.K. Singh & Calonge, Boln Soc. Micol. Madrid 31: 136 (2007)

Neotype.

(designated here): BRAZIL. Pará: Belterra, Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Jamaraqua Community (2.812667S, 55.033083W), 25 March 2014, Cabral TS (INPA-Fungos 264931). GenBank accessions: MG678500, MG678501, MG678502 (ITS); MG678463 (nuc-LSU); MG678550 (atp 6).

Immature basidiomes not observed. Fresh expanded basidiome 120 mm high. Receptacle 25 × 25 mm, campanulate, with an apical pore, reticulated surface. Pseudostipe 67 × 12 mm, cylindrical, spongy, white (N00A00M00); pseudoparenchymatous, composed of globose to elongate-ovoid cells, 29.5-56.8 × 17.2-44 µm, hyaline. In dusium in full development extending to the ground, white (N00A00M00), 74 mm in length, attached to the apex of the pseudostipe; polygonal to rounded meshes up to 7 × 4 mm, composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, 31-53.8 × 23.8-41 µm. Volva hypogeous, white (N00A00M0), with pinkish pigments (N00M10C00); outer layer papery, composed of filamentous hyphae, 3.22-6.5 µm, yellowish, septate, with clamp connections; crystal deposits in globose cells distributed amongst the hyphae, 11.5-13.8 × 19.6-22.7 μm. Rhizomorphs composed of filamentous thin-walled hyphae, with clamp connections. Gleba olive-brown (N99A50M10), mucilaginous. Basidiospores elongated, smooth, 3.6-4.1 × 1.5-2.2 µm, hyaline in 5% KOH.

Habitat and Distribution.

found on sandy soil, in dense old-growth forest. It has a questionable circum-tropical distribution, with records for South and Central America, Mexico, Africa, Asia and Australia, but we believe that the distribution is restricted to South America.

Other specimens examined.

BRAZIL. Pará: Belterra, Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Jamaraqua Community (2.812667S, 55.033083W), 25 March 2014, Cabral TS (INPA-Fungos 264929, INPA-Fungos 264930); São Paulo, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (23.54S, 46.63W), January 2011, Oliveira, J.J.S. (SP416389); March 2011, Ventura, P.O. (SP416393); Capelari, M. (SP416087).

Notes.

According to Ventenat’s original description, P. indusiatus is characterised by the hypogeous volva, the campanulate and reticulated receptacle and by the indusium reaching the ground. The indusium is white, but it can become reddish as it matures. Ventenat does not give information on the colour of the volva and rhizomorphs, but some authors state that the volva can be light pinkish and rhizomorphs can be pinkish to violet ( Calonge 2005, Kreisel and Hausknecht 2009). Our collection presents the same characteristics of the original description and those in the key for indusiate species presented by Kreisel and Hausknecht (2009 a); in addition, some of the specimens are from the State of Pará, which is geographically close (about 970 km in a straight line) and with the same forest domain as the type locality (Suriname). Therefore, we believe that the specimens that are nested in the same clade in the phylogenetic trees ( Figures 2 , 3 ), all collected in the Brazilian Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests, correspond to P. indusiatus sensu stricto. Since Ventenat’s original description does not designate a type specimen and, consequentially, it is not possible to find the original material in herbarium for comparison, we designated here a neotype for Phallus indusiatus , in accordance with the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN) (Article 9.8) ( Turland et al. 2017).

Figures

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with ITS. Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown. The black dots indicate specimens under Phallus indusiatus deposited in GenBank and downloaded for this study.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with concatenated data (ITS, nuc-LSU and atp 6). Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown (except for P. denigricans clade).

Figure 7. Phallus indusiatus. Fresh basidiome of A INPA-Fungos 264931 (neotype), and B INPA-Fungos 264929, showing the volva with pinkish pigments C spores D pseudoparenchymatous hyphae from pseudostipe E hyphae from volva and crystals deposits on globose cells F hyphae from rhizomorphs. Scale bars: 20 mm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 40 µm (D); 20 µm (E, F).