Presbytis rubicunda (Muller, 1838)
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.6867065 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863406 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17-FF9F-FF9A-FFF6-66F0F648FA46 |
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Jonas |
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scientific name |
Presbytis rubicunda |
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118. View Plate 48: Cercopithecidae
Maroon Langur
Presbytis rubicunda View in CoL
French: Langur rubicond / German: Maronenlangur / Spanish: Langur granate
Other common names: Maroon Leaf Monkey, Maroon Surili, Red Langur, Red Leaf Monkey; Davis's Maroon/Orangebacked Red Langur (chrysea), Dollman’s Maroon/Orange-naped Red Langur (ignita), Maroon Red/Mdller’s Maroon Langur (rubicunda), Millers’s Maroon / Red-naped Red Langur (carimatae)
Taxonomy. Semnopithecus rubicundus S. Muller, 1838 ,
Indonesia, Mount Sekumbang, south-east of Banjermasin, South Kalimantan.
P. rubicunda is closely related to P. melalophos , P. sumatrana , P. bicolor , and P. mitrata from Sumatra and P. comata from Java. There is much intergradation among subspecies, as well as variation within them in terms of overall body color. Moreover, there is an east-west division on the basis of the color of the hands and feet, and a north-south division between those with narrow and broad crests; the former have a U-shaped parting on the nape, while in the latter there is only an indistinct whorl on the nape. There is also an undescribed form from north-eastern Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, and possibly Brunei). It is similar to the subspecies rubicunda , but with a broader crest. Five subspecies recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution.
P.r.rubicundaS.Miller,1838—Borneo(SEKalimantan,roughlySoftheMahakamRiverandEoftheBaritoRiver).
P.r.carimataeG.S.Miller,1906—KarimataI,offWBorneo.
P.r.chryseaDavis,1962—NEBorneo,confinedtoaverysmallareainESabahStatenearKinabatangan.
P. r. rubida Lyon, 1911 — Borneo (SW Kalimantan, roughly S of the Kapuas River and W of the Barito River). View Figure
Descriptive notes. Head—body 44-58 cm (males) and 48-52 cm (females), tail 63— 80 cm (males) and 68-73 cm (females); weight 6-7 kg (males) and 5.5-6 kg (females). The Maroon Langur is generally wine-red to orange above and lighter yellowish or creamy on its belly, with black or brown hands and feet. There is a prominent, forwardsweeping black brow fringe and a frontal whorl behind, from which a large crown crest sweeps to the back of head that may be either narrow or broad. Facial skin is bluish-gray, exceptfor pinkish upperlip and chin. The “Maroon Red Langur” ( Pr. rubicunda ) is maroon to mahogany-red, with underparts and inner surfaces of limbs slightly paler. Crown crest is narrow. Hands and feet are washed with black, and tail has scattered black hairs, especially toward tip. P. r. rubida is like the Maroon Red Langur, but more yellowed; its hands and feet are only slightly blackened (or not at all), and its crown crest is narrow. The “Orange-naped Red Langur” (P. rn ignita) is foxy-red, with light colored hands and feet. Its crown crest is broad. The “Orange-backed Red Langur” (P. r. chrysea ) is a rich reddish-gold above, and paler on abdomen and sides of thighs.Its digits are buff washed with brown, and its tail is washed with brown at tip. The “Red-naped Red Langur” (P. r. carimatae ) is dark brick-red above, with somewhat darkened hands and feet. Its crown is tinged with gold and has a narrow crest.
Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland rainforest and some dipterocarp, swamp, and riparian forest. The Maroon Langur occasionally enters plantations and gardens and is able to tolerate forests that have regenerated after they have been logged. Densities decline above elevations of 1200 m, and it is generally not found above 2000 m.
Food and Feeding. The Maroon Langur eats young leaves, seeds, fruits, mature leaves, and flowers. Termites and soil are also eaten on occasion. The Maroon Langur’s annual diet contains mostly young leaves (36-5%), seeds (30%), fruits (19%), flowers (11%), mature leaves (1%), and insects and unidentified items (2:5%). Diets vary throughout the year as availabilities of food sources shift. In Sabah, a group relied on leaves and fruits of lianas for ¢.32% of their total diet; the rest came from various tree species. A single group exploited more than 102 plant species in a single year.
Breeding. There is no evident seasonality in births of Maroon Langurs. Neonates are entirely white. They are weaned at ¢.15 months old. Females reach sexual maturity at c.2 years old.
Activity patterns. The Maroon Languris diurnal and almost entirely arboreal.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social groups of Maroon Langurs contain 2-12 individuals, with one male, 2—4 females and their offspring. They also form all-male groups. Home ranges are 30—c.90 ha, and daily travel distances are 200-900 m. Male Maroon Langurs give loud calls that are short series of repeated “ka-ka-kaka-ka” notes that can be heard over several hundred meters. They are uttered regularly before dawn when the group is still at its sleeping site, sometimes during the day, and also in the evening when the group enters sleeping trees. They also give these calls when confronting neighboring groups.
Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List, including the subspecies rubicunda , rubida, and ignita, but the subspecies chrysea and carimatae are classified as Data Deficient. The Maroon Langur is protected in Sarawak and Sabah (Malaysia). It is still common and has a wide distribution. Habitat loss due to expanding oil palm plantations is a major threat, but the Maroon Langur seems to be adaptable and can occur in some secondary habitats. It is hunted forits meat and bezoars (a visceral mass believed to be an antidote to poison) in some areas. The subspecies rubida occurs in Betung Kerihun National Park, Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park, Gunung Palung National Park, and Tanjung Puting National Park; the Maroon Red Langur occurs in Kutai National Park, Pleihari Martapura Nature Reserve, and Sungai Wain Protected Forest; and the Orange-naped Red Langur, or a related (undescribed) subspecies, occurs in Sungai Kayan Sungai Mentarang National Park—all in Kalimantan. The Orange-naped Red Langur also occurs in Sapagaya Forest Reserve and Danum Valley Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysia. The Red-naped Red Langur is restricted to the 176km? Karimata Island. About 50% of the forest on the island has been lost, and the Red-naped Red Langur does not occur in any protected area, suggesting that it might be critically endangered. The Orange-backed Red Langur is only known from the type series. There are no protected areas in its putative distribution.
Bibliography. Bennett & Davies (1994), Davies (1984, 1987, 1991, 1994), Davies & Baillie (1988), Davies etal. (1988), Groves (2001), Lhota (2011b), Meyer et al. (2011), Napier (1985), Nijman & Meijaard (2008a), Payne et al. (1985), van Schaik et al. (1992), Stott & Selsor (1961b), Supriatna et al. (1986), Yanuar et al. (1993).
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