Psechrus kunmingensis Yin, Wang & Zhang, 1985

Bayer, Steffen, 2012, The lace-sheet-weavers — a long story (Araneae: Psechridae: Psechrus), Zootaxa 3379 (1), pp. 1-170 : 110-112

Psechrus kunmingensis Yin, Wang & Zhang, 1985

Figs 60a–g , 81i , 86m –o , 89f , 92f

Psechrus kunmingensis Yin, Wang and Zhang 1985: 25 , figs 5A–D (Description of ♀, illustration of ♀). [Holotype ♀ (SB 192) from CHINA: Yunnan Province: Kunming; J.F. Wang leg. 05.IV.1979; HBI; Paratypes: 2 ♀♀ (one of which SB 193), CHINA: Yunnan Province: Kunming; M. Liu leg. VII.1983; HBI, holotype and one female paratype (SB 193) examined, other paratype not available on request, thus not examined]. Song et al. 1999: 397, figs 232C–D, O–P (Illustration of ♀, illustration of ♂). Wang and Yin 2001: 334: figs 9–10 (Description of ♀, illustration of ♀).

Note on holotype female: Posterior part of median septum cut, due to vulva preparation for the study published in Yin et al. (1985).

Additional material examined. CHINA: Yunnan Province: Kunming Prefecture, Kunming – Heilongtan District, Kunming Institute of Botany , botanical gardens, N25°08'20'', E 102°44'28'', 1950 m; D. Kavanaugh & C. Griswold leg. 21.–23. IV.2000; 1 ♀ ( SB 953 ), CAS 9032233.

Additional doubtful material examined. CHINA: Yunnan Province: Kunming Prefecture, Xi Shan , N 24°58'00'', E 102°37'30'', 2000–2300 m, forest, between rocks; P. Jäger leg. 02.IV.1999; 1 s.a. ♀ ( SB 843 ), SMF. Xi Shan, Dragon Gate, ca. N 24°57'45'', E 102°37'30'', 2000–2400 m; P. Beron leg. 26.XII.1988; 1 s.a. ♀ ( SB 1029 ), Deeleman Coll. in RMNH .

Revised diagnosis (see also diagnosis for sinensis -group above). Male with longer embolus (E) (even without embolus base [EB] more than half as long as width of tegulum [T]) than in the remaining species of sinensis -group and with a long, apically bifurcated apophysis on EB ( Figs 86m –o ). Females with complex epigyne. Median septum (MS) and lateral lobes (LL) with complex, interleaved folds. Posterior margin of MS with two lobes ( Figs 60e , 89f ). Vulva with infolded parts of lateral lobes partially covering the round receptacula ( Figs 60b,d ). Spermathecal heads (SH) arising anteriorly at spermathecae.

Description. Male: No male specimen was available for the present study. However, Ping Feng, Zi-Zhong Yang (both Dali, China) and colleagues found 6 males and 14 females of this species (partly males and females together at the same site) at Kunming (N 24°57'12'', E 102°37'59''; material deposited in DUY). Ping Feng prepared male palps and provided photos of one palp ( Figs 86m –o ). He and Prof. Yang kindly gave their permission to include these photos in the present work. They enable me to give a brief description of the male palp:

Copulatory organ (see also diagnosis and general description for sinensis -group). Embolus (E) distally perpendicularly curved ( Fig. 86o ). EB basally with broad and rounded apophysis, sperm duct with broad U-shaped course and palpal tibia short ( Figs 86m, o ). Cymbium dorsally with very dense scopula, covering slightly more than 1/3 of cymbium ( Fig. 86n ). Palpal femur ventrally modified with rounded bulge (not illustrated), similar to that of P. triangulus ( Fig. 54d ).

Female (measurements of holotype and paratype ♀ [SB 193] almost identical, so those of the latter are not listed; those of holotype are given first, those of ♀ SB 953 in parentheses behind; the same with leg measurements; the spinations of paratype SB 193 are given at first positions in parentheses, those of SB 953 at second positions): Body and eye measurements. Carapace length 8.7 (8.8), carapace width 6.0 (6.1), anterior width of carapace 4.1 (4.1), opisthosoma length 12.5 (12.9), opisthosoma width 8.8 (6.1). Eyes: AME 0.45 (0.41), ALE 0.49 (0.52), PME 0.48 (0.52), PLE 0.52 (0.49), AME–AME 0.21 (0.19), AME–ALE 0.03 (0.07), PME–PME 0.31 (0.28), PME–PLE 0.38 (0.44), AME–PME 0.63 (0.66), ALE–PLE 0.54 (0.54), clypeus height at AME 1.02 (1.26), clypeus height at ALE 1.00 (1.14).

Cheliceral furrow with three promarginal and five (holotype) or four (remaining ♀♀ examined) retromarginal teeth.

Measurements of palp and legs. Leg formula: 1423. Palp: 10.8 (10.9) [3.8 (3.8), 1.5 (1.5), 1.9 (2.0), 3.6 (3.6)]; Legs: I 45.6 (49.1) [12.5 (13.6), 3.7 (3.9), 12.7 (13.8), 11.4 (12.1), 5.3 (5.7)], II 36.8 (39.6) [10.2 (11.3), 3.3 (3.5), 9.6 (10.4), 9.4 (10.0), 4.3 (4.4)], III 27.4 (28.5) [8.3 (8.6), 2.6 (2.7), 6.5 (6.9), 6.9 (6.9), 3.1 (3.4)], IV 37.2 (40.0) [10.7 (11.9), 3.1 (3.1), 9.7 (10.4), 9.2 (10.0), 4.5 (4.6)].

Palpal claw with 14 [holotype] (14 [paratype SB 193], 16 [other female]) teeth.

Spination. Palp: 131 (131,131), 110 (110,110), 1101 (1101,1101), 1023 (1023,1014); legs: femur I 525{526} (526,526), II 525 (526,535), III 628 (435,535), IV 524 (423,534); patella I–IV 000; tibia I 3038 (3036,3038), II 3036 (3036,3036), III 3034 (2026,2036), IV 2035 (3026,2025); metatarsus I– II 3035 (3035,3035), III 3037 (3035,3036), IV 3036 (3035,3036).

Copulatory organ (see also diagnosis and general description of sinensis -group). Anterior border of epigynal field (EF) hard to recognise as such ( Figs 60a,e , 89f ), epigynal muscle sigilla (MS) and slit sense organs outside EF. Epigyne anterior to MS also quite strongly sclerotised and with long, partly curved ridges and wrikles ( Figs 60a,e ). Copulatory ducts similar to P. sinensis , but more strongly curved ( Figs 60b,d ).

Colouration of female (see also description for sinensis -group and Psechrus ). Median bands on carapace slightly serrated. Lateral bands narrow to medium sized (at most diameter of PME) and serrated. Light longitudinal line ventrally on opisthosoma broken subdistally or strongly constricted subdistally and broad ( Fig. 81i ). If measured centrally on opisthosoma, its width is 0.7–1.2 of one half of the cribellum. Distal part (patch) broader than main section.

Variation of copulatory organs. Females: Some specimens with MS slightly broader ( Fig. 89f ). Copulatory ducts may be less curved and SH slightly smaller ( Fig. 92f ).

Remarks: Song et al. (1999) were the first to illustrate the male of Psechrus kunmingensis . Unfortunately, in that publication there was neither any information about the material examined given, nor a reason for assigning that type of male to P. kunmingensis . A comparison of the photos of the male P. kunmingensis from Kunming ( Figs 86m –o ) with the illustrations in Song et al. (1999) indicate that they did indeed examine P. kunmingensis .

The two subadult females (SB 843, 1029) examined in the present study could not be definitely identified as P. kunmingensis , as they were collected without additional adult material. The pre-epigyne and pre-vulva of SB 843 are shown in Figs 60f and 60g . As the localities (see above) are very close to the type locality of P. kunmingensis , it is at least possible that they belong to this species.

As the holotype female is partly damaged (see note on holotype above) I have included additional illustrations of the epigyne ( Fig. 60e ) and vulva ( Figs 60c–d ) of paratype ♀ SB 193 .

Distribution. China ( Fig. 96 ).

Figures

FIGURES 54a–g. Psechrus triangulus, from China, Yunnan Prov. a–d ♂ paratype SB 882. e–g ♀ holotype SB 881. a–c ♂ palp (a prolateral, b ventral, c retrolateral view). d ♂ left palpal femur, retrolateral view. e Epigyne, ventral view. f Vulva, dorsal view. g Schematic course of internal duct system.

FIGURES 60a–g. Psechrus kunmingensis, from China, Yunnan Prov., ♀ adult and primordial copulatory organ. a–b ♀ holotype SB 192, c–e ♀ paratype SB 193. f–g s.a. ♀ SB 843 (doubtful identification). a, e Epigyne, ventral view. b, d Vulva, dorsal view. c Schematic course of internal duct system. f Pre-epigyne, ventral view. g Pre-vulva, dorsal view. Remark: In ♀ holotype SB 192 posterior, lobed section of median septum cut.

FIGURES 81a–j. Psechrus spp., photos of dorsal habitus (a–d) and ventral view of opisthosoma (e–j). a P. ancoralis. b P. hartmanni sp. nov. c P. sp. out of mulu-group. d P. luangprabang. e P. singaporensis. f P. annulatus. g P. jaegeri sp. nov. h P. marsyandi. i P. kunmingensis. j P. tauricornis sp. nov. a ♀ SB 75 from Laos, Luang Prabang Prov. b ♀ holotype SB 1007 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. c ♂ from Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak Prov. d ♀ SB 508 from Laos, Luang Nam Tha Prov. e s.a. ♀ SB 559 from Indonesia, Sumatera Utara Prov. f ♀ paralectotype SB 830 from Indonesia, Jawa Barat Prov. g ♀ holotype SB 530 from Laos, Champasak Prov. h s.a. ♀ SB 748 from Nepal, Dhawalagiri Prov. i ♀ SB 953 from China, Yunnan Prov. j ♀ SB 633 from Sri Lanka. Photos 81a by Helmut Steiner, Hanau, 81c by Peter Koomen, Leeuwarden (copyright owner).

FIGURES 86a–o. Psechrus spp., photos of left ♂ palp. a P.sinensis. b P. triangulus. c P. tingpingensis. d P. obtectus sp. nov. e P. senoculatus. f P. clavis sp. nov. g P. torvus. h P. hartmanni sp. nov. i P. zygon sp. nov.? j P. crepido sp. nov. k P. schwendingeri sp. nov. l P.cebu. m–o P. kunmingensis. a ♂ syntype SB 521 from China, Guizhou Prov. b ♂ paratype SB 882 from China, Yunnan Prov. c ♂ SB 529 from China, Hunan Prov. d ♂ paratype SB 1150 from Vietnam, Bac Thai Prov. e ♂ paratype SB 537 from China, Hunan Prov. f ♂ paratype SB 1008 from Taiwan, Nantou County. g ♂ paralectotype SB 264 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. h ♂ SB 624 from Sri Lanka. i ♂ SB 848 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. j ♂ holotype SB 644 from India, Tamil Nadu Prov. k ♂ holotype SB 143 from Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov. l ♂ holotype SB 149 from Philippines, Cebu Prov. m–o ♂ from China, Yunnan Prov., Kunming. a–m, o ventral, n prolateral view.

FIGURES 89a–p. Psechrus spp., photos of epigyne, ventral view. a P. sinensis. b P. triangulus. c P. tingpingensis. d P. obtectus sp. nov. e P.fuscaisp. nov. f P. kunmingensis. g P. senoculatus. h P.clavis sp. nov. i P. kenting. j P. taiwanensis. k P. crepido sp. nov. l P. cebu. m P. torvus. n P. hartmanni sp. nov. o P. zygon sp. nov. p P. tauricornis sp. nov. a ♀ paratype SB 524 from China, Guizhou Prov. b ♀ holotype SB 881 from China, Yunnan Prov. c ♀ paratype SB 194 from China, Hunan Prov. d ♀ paratype SB 1153 from Vietnam, Bac Thai Prov. e ♀ holotype SB 954 from China, Yunnan Prov. f ♀ SB 953 from China, Yunnan Prov. g ♀ SB 886 from China, Sichuan Prov. h ♀ paratype SB 614 from Taiwan, Taoyuan County. i ♀ paratype SB 618 from Taiwan, Taitung County. j ♀ holotype SB 238 from Taiwan. k ♀ paratype SB 984 from India, Tamil Nadu Prov. l ♀ paratype SB 151 from Philippines, Cebu Prov. m ♀ SB 941 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. n ♀ paratype SB 845 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. o ♀ holotype SB 846 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. p ♀ paratype SB 849 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov.

FIGURES 92a–p. Psechrus spp., photos of vulva, dorsal view. a P. sinensis. b P. triangulus. c P. tingpingensis. d P. obtectus sp. nov. e P.fuscaisp. nov. f P. kunmingensis. g P. senoculatus. h P.clavis sp. nov. i P. kenting. j P. taiwanensis. k P. crepido sp. nov. l P. cebu. m P. torvus. n P. hartmanni sp. nov. o P. zygon sp. nov. p P. tauricornis sp. nov. a ♀ paratype SB 524 from China, Guizhou Prov. b ♀ holotype SB 881 from China, Yunnan Prov. c ♀ paratype SB 194 from China, Hunan Prov. d ♀ paratype SB 1155 from Vietnam, Bac Thai Prov. e ♀ holotype SB 954 from China, Yunnan Prov. f ♀ SB 953 from China, Yunnan Prov. g ♀ SB 886 from China, Sichuan Prov. h ♀ paratype SB 831 from Taiwan, Chiayi County. i ♀ paratype SB 618 from Taiwan, Taitung County. j ♀ holotype SB 238 from Taiwan. k ♀ paratype SB 984 from India, Tamil Nadu Prov. l ♀ paratype SB 151 from Philippines, Cebu Prov. m ♀ SB 941 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. n ♀ paratype SB 845 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. o ♀ holotype SB 846 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov. p ♀ paratype SB 849 from Sri Lanka, Central Prov.

FIGURE 96. Distribution of Psechrus in China and northern Vietnam. All species belong to the sinensis-group except P. inflatus sp. nov. (himalayanus-group) and P.rani (ancoralis-group). Distribution of Psechrus in Taiwan, see Fig. 97. For the distribution of P. ghecuanus in China, see Fig. 98.