Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907, 1860

Kundrata, Robin, Hoffmannova, Johana, Hinson, Kevin R., Keller, Oliver & Packova, Gabriela, 2022, Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907 (Coleoptera, Elateroidea): described genera and species, current problems, and prospects for the bioluminescent and paedomorphic beetle lineage, ZooKeys 1126, pp. 55-130 : 55

Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907

Rhagophthalmidae E. Olivier, 1907: 63. Type genus. Rhagophthalmus Motschulsky, 1854.

Rhagophtalmidae : Junk 1912: 24 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophthalmidae : Blair in Gahan 1925: vi [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophthalmus Rhagopthalmidae: Harvey 1952: 389 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophthalmus Rhagophthalidae: Ohba 1998: 2 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophthalmus Rhagophthammidae: Suzuki and Kobayashi 2009: 31 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Literature.

Olivier (1907: 1, 63): catalogue; Lefroy (1909: 327): catalogue; Olivier (1910: 3): catalogue; Jakobson (1911: 662, 687): catalogue [as Rhagophthalmini ]; Junk (1912: 24): bibliography [as Rhagophtalmidae [sic!]]; Olivier (1912: 467): revision of Rhagophthalmus ; Blair (1915a: 411): bioluminescence; Pic (1923: 25): catalogue; Gahan (1925: vi): remark [as Phagophthalmidae [sic!]; attributed to KG Blair]; Handlirsch (1925: 589): catalogue [as Rhagophthalmini ]; Winkler (1925: 522): catalogue; Ridley (1934: 58): larval biology and morphology; Pic (1937: 137): genus description; Harvey (1952: 389, 450): remark, bioluminescence [also as Rhagopthalmidae [sic!], also as Rhagopthalminae [sic!]]; Brues et al. (1954: 565): classification; Crowson (1955: 68): remark, morphology [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Harvey (1955: 19): checklist, bioluminescence; Raj (1957: 788): larval biology; McDermott (1964: 49): revision [as Rhagophthalminae ]; McDermott (1966: preface (unnumbered),121): catalogue, distribution [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Mikšić and Mikšić (1966: 31): remark [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Nakane (1968: 3): remark [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Crowson (1972: 50): classification, morphology [as Rhagophthalminae ]; McElroy et al. (1974: 415): remark [as Rhagopthalmidae [sic!]]; Lawrence (1982: 512): remark; Haneda (1985: 167): bioluminescence [as Rhagopthalmidae [sic!]]; Herring (1987: 158): checklist [as Rhagophthalminae ]; LeSage (1991: 424): remark [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Wittmer and Ohba (1994: 341): taxonomy, biology; Lawrence and Newton (1995: 857): catalogue, review [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Chen and Ho (1996: 46): distribution; Ohba et al. (1996a: 1): morphology, biology; Ohba (1997a: 5): checklist; Ohba (1997c: 51): breeding; Suzuki (1997: 11, 38): phylogeny, biology [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Wittmer (1997: 257): species descriptions; Chen and Ho (1998: 34): bioluminescence; Ohba (1998: 2): biology [also as Rhagophthalidae [sic!]]; Costa et al. (1999: 22): remark [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Goto and Kawashima (2000: 141): distribution; Jeng et al. (2000: 316): remark; Kawashima (2000: 131): genus description; Kim et al. (2000: 214): molecular phylogeny; Ohmiya et al. (2000: 32): luciferase; Branham and Wenzel (2001: 565): phylogeny [also as Rhagophthalminae and Rhagopthalmidae [sic!]]; Kawashima and Satô (2001: 423): species descriptions; Kobayashi et al. (2001: 1): embryogenesis, morphology [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Hua (2002: 71): catalogue; Kawashima (2002: 487): species description; Kobayashi et al. (2002: 1): embryogenesis, morphology [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Branham and Wenzel (2003: 3): phylogeny; Chen (2003: 52): morphology, bioluminescence; Hayashi and Suzuki (2003: 4): biology, morphology, phylogeny, figure of mating; Kawashima and Sugaya (2003: 353): species description; Kawashima et al. (2003: 255): catalogue; Kobayashi et al. (2003: 19): embryogenesis, morphology; DeCock (2004: 341): bioluminescence; Ohba (2004a: 225): bioluminescence, biology; Lau and Meyer-Rochow (2006: 19): eye morphology; Li et al. (2006: 817): molecular phylogeny; Arnoldi et al. (2007: 2): molecular phylogeny, remark; Bocak (2007: 224): catalogue [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Bocakova et al. (2007: 477): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Hunt et al. (2007: 1915): molecular phylogeny; Li et al. (2007: 197): mitochondrial genome, phylogeny [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Sagegami-Oba et al. (2007: 110): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Stanger-Hall et al. (2007: 38): molecular phylogeny; Bocak et al. (2008: 2021): molecular phylogeny; Li and Liang (2008: 109): female morphology; Li et al. (2008a: 259): species descriptions, distribution [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Li et al. (2008b: 494): review [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Bogahawatta et al. (2009: 5): distributional remark [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Levkanicova and Bocak (2009: 212): molecular phylogeny; Suzuki and Kobayashi (2009: 30): embryogenesis [also as Rhagophthalminae and Rhagophthammidae [sic!]]; Chen et al. (2010: 196): biology, bioluminescence; Kawashima et al. (2010: 135): book chapter [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Lawrence et al. (2010a: 5): classification; Lawrence et al. (2010b: 165): remark; Bouchard et al. (2011: 326): family-group names catalogue; Kundrata and Bocak (2011a: 57): revision of Pseudothilmanus ; Kundrata and Bocak (2011b: 364): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Lawrence et al. (2011: 7): phylogeny; Oba et al. (2011: 775): biology, bioluminescence [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Yiu (2011a: 14): remark; Yiu (2011b: 20): bioluminescence, larva; Amaral et al. (2012: 1262): luciferase, phylogeny [as Rhagophthalminae ]; Ho et al. (2012: 1): species descriptions; Johnson et al. (2012: 178): ICZN case; Kazantsev (2012: 349): species descriptions; Timmermans and Vogler (2012: 299): remark, molecular phylogeny; Kundrata et al. (2013: 201): molecular phylogeny; Yiu (2013: 101): remark, bioluminescence; Amaral et al. (2014: 415): molecular phylogeny; Bocak et al. (2014: 103): molecular phylogeny; Hosoe et al. (2014: 331): biology; ICZN (2014: 195): ICZN case; Kundrata et al. (2014: 163): molecular phylogeny; Li et al. (2015: 269): catalogue; Martin et al. (2015: 516): molecular phylogeny; McKenna et al. (2015: 843): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagopthalmidae [sic!]]; Oba (2015: 99): bioluminescence; Amaral et al. (2016: 255): molecular phylogeny; Bocak et al. (2016: 2): molecular phylogeny; Kundrata et al. (2016: 293): molecular phylogeny; Lawrence (2016: 17): classification; Wijekoon et al. (2016: 69): checklist [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Amaral et al. (2017a: 674): mitogenome, phylogeny; Kundrata et al. (2017: 153): molecular phylogeny; Martin et al. (2017: 564): phylogeny; Wang et al. (2017: 1): phylogeny; Yiu (2017: 60): species descriptions, key; Bocak et al. (2018: 2): molecular phylogeny; Fallon et al. (2018: 2, 96): genomes, bioluminiscence; Kusy et al. (2018a: 5): molecular phylogeny; Kusy et al. (2018b: 2): molecular phylogeny; Tan (2018: 127, 135): distribution, photographs; Zhang et al. (2018: 3): molecular phylogeny; Amaral et al. (2019: 283): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagophtalmidae [sic!]]; Chen et al. (2019: 4): molecular phylogeny; Jeng (2019: 8): biofluorescence, biology; Kundrata et al. (2019: 1259): molecular phylogeny; Martin et al. (2019: 2): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; McKenna et al. (2019: 4): molecular phylogeny; Liu et al. (2020: 46): luciferase, phylogeny [also as Rhagophthalminae ]; Rosa et al. (2020: 7): molecular phylogeny; Roza (2020: 421): morphology, distribution; Zhang et al. (2020: 1): molecular phylogeny, bioluminescence; Douglas et al. (2021: 2): molecular phylogeny; Ge et al. (2021: 3): mitogenomic phylogeny; Kusy et al. (2021: 111): molecular phylogeny; Li et al. (2021a: 5): remark; Li et al. (2021b: 1): phylogeny, distribution, morphology; Seri and Rahman (2021: 715): remark; Cai et al. (2022: 6): molecular phylogeny; Ge et al. (2022: 2): mitogenomic phylogeny; Powell et al. (2022: 1): molecular phylogeny, bioluminescence [also as Rhagophtalmidae [sic!]]. In addition to the aforementioned literature, Rhagophthalmidae were mentioned in some student works, e.g., PhD theses by Ho (2002), Jeng (2008), and Roza (2022).

Remarks.

As defined here, Rhagophthalmidae include 12 genera (one of them with two subgenera) and 66 species distributed primarily in East, South, and Southeast Asia, with a few species found on the border of South and Central Asia (i.e., Afghanistan). Males can be recognized by antennae with 12 antennomeres, with antennomere III longer than antennomere II. In cases where the antennae are serrate or pectinate, antennomere III is not simple, i.e., the serration or rami begin on antennomere III. Females are more (e.g., Diplocladon or Haplocladon ; see Remarks under these genera) or less (e.g., Rhagophthalmus ) larviform (for more information, see Kawashima et al. 2010). Known larvae are predators of millipedes, similar to larvae of the closely related Phengodidae . Although Rhagophthalmidae were credited by McDermott (1966) to "Olivier, 1902", we found no evidence of the publication to which McDermott referred, similar to Lawrence and Newton (1995: 858).