Pachyneurinae new status, 1993

Burks, Roger, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Fusu, Lucian, Heraty, John M., Jansta, Petr, Heydon, Steve, Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey, Peters, Ralph S., Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Woolley, James B., van Noort, Simon, Baur, Hannes, Cruaud, Astrid, Darling, Christopher, Haas, Michael, Hanson, Paul, Krogmann, Lars & Rasplus, Jean-Yves, 2022, From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94, pp. 13-88 : 13

Pachyneurinae new status

Pachyneurini Ashmead, 1904. Type genus: Pachyneuron Walker, 1833.

Austroterobiinae Bouček, 1988 new synonymy. Type genus: Austroterobia Girault, 1938.

Diagnosis.

Antenna with 12 flagellomeres. Mandibles falcate (Fig. 99 ). Scapula not anteriorly exposed by pronotum. Axilla not strongly advanced. Axillula not enlarged. Fore wing marginal vein abruptly thickened at parastigmal break relative to submarginal vein thickness (Fig. 100 ). Propodeum with or without plicae. Petiole (when distinct) anteroventrally either braced by a flange extending from the 1st gastral sternum that reaches anteriorly under the petiolar attachment, e.g. Pachycrepoideus Ashmead (Fig. 101 ), or with a more or less developed lateral tooth-like process that extends perpendicular with the longitudinal axis of the petiole, e.g. Pachyneuron Walker.

Discussion.

Austroterobiinae new syn. was described to contain morphologically divergent parasitoids of margarodid scales ( Hemiptera ). However, during this study it was observed that they have a recessed subforaminal bridge as in Pteromalinae and Pachyneurinae . Next generation molecular data (Cruaud et al., submitted) place austroterobiines as a derived group inside Pachyneurinae . Although Austroterobia Bouček and Teasienna Heydon are morphologically divergent from other Pachyneurinae in having complete notauli, this can be attributed to the switch to Margarodidae as hosts. Austroterobia and Teasienna agree with other Pachyneurinae in having falcate mandibles. Given the derived position of these genera within Pachyneurinae , we see no value in preserving the group as a tribe. Other genera transferred to Pachyneurinae , based on molecules and/or morphology, are listed in Appendix 1.

Figures

Figures 97 - 102. 97 Halticoptera sp. (Sphegigastrini): petiole 98 Ormocerus latus Walker (Pteromalidae, Ormocerinae): head frontal view 99 Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang & Liao) (Pteromalidae, Pachyneurinae): head frontal and mandibles 100, 101 Pachycrepoideus sp. (Pachyneurinae) 100 venation 101 propodeum and petiole dorsal view 102 Chlorocytus scandolensis Rasplus (Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae): mesosoma dorsal view.