sisyphine, Mulsant, 1842
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1163/1876312X-00002195 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:701C1742-718D-4486-A158-AEA608BA8576 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3794441 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D474D525-FF9F-7C6C-D769-9CE1FBB0FC5D |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
sisyphine |
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Identification key for males of southern African sisyphine View in CoL species
1. Lateral ridge on the pronotal disc extends from the posterior margin without reaching the lateral margin ( Fig. 1F View Fig ); strong setae absent on the external margin of the first meso- and metatarsal segments ( Fig. 1D View Fig )........................ Neosisyphus View in CoL (2)
– Lateral prothoracic ridge between pronotal disc and prothoracic episternum complete ( Fig. 1E View Fig ); first tarsal segments of the meso- and meta-thoracic legs with a row of dense setae in a straight line on the external edge ( Fig. 1C View Fig ).................... ....................................................................................................... Sisyphus View in CoL (13)
2. Mesotibia strongly modified by indentations and protrusions; a large spine distally on the posterior margin of the mesofemur. Completely black, pygidium simple and lacking a pair of distinct tubercles. Eastern coastal forests of South Africa and South Mozambique....................................................................................................... .........( tibialis View in CoL species-group; Neosisyphus mirabilis ( Arrow,1927) View in CoL ( Figs. 23 View Fig , 24A View Fig )
– Mesotibia simple, without any spine projected distally on the posterior margin of the mesofemur.................................................................................................(3)
3. Femur and tibia of mesolegs without cuticular projections on the posterior margin............................................. barbarossa View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 17 View Fig A–D) (4)
– Femur and tibia of mesolegs with cuticular projections on the posterior margin...(7)
4. Metafemur with sharp pointed spine on the mid-posterior margin ( Figs. 17 View Fig A–B) ........................................................................................................................(5)
– Metafemur with angled-protuberance on the mid-posterior margin ( Figs. 17 View Fig C–D) ........................................................................................................................(6)
5. Projecting metatrochanter longer than ¾ of the metafemur length in major males and ½ of the metafemur length in minor males. In major males the metatrochant- er is slightly inwardly-curved at the tip and straight in minor males; setae on the elytra black, recurved at the apex. Lowland dry savannas in southern Africa ........ .......................................... Neosisyphus calcaratus ( Klug, 1855) View in CoL ( Figs. 17 View Fig , 18B View Fig )
– Projecting metatrochanter shorter in minor males (<¼ the length of the metafemur) and longer in major males (½ the length of the metafemur), elytral setae yellow. Moist highveld and coastal upland grassland of South Africa................... ............................ Neosisyphus barbarossa ( Wiedemann, 1823) View in CoL ( Figs. 17 View Fig , 18A View Fig )
6. Projecting metatrochanter relatively short; four times shorter than total length of metafemur. Lowland and upland moist vegetation from northeast to southern Africa ..................................... Neosisyphus setiger (Roth, 1851) View in CoL ( Figs. 17 View Fig , 18D View Fig )
– Metatrochanter slighty inwardly-projected at the apex, metatrochanter projection is ½ the length of the metafemur. Upland woodland in southern Angola............ ................................. Neosisyphus tembyi Daniel & Davis View in CoL sp. n ( Figs. 17 View Fig , 18C View Fig )
7. Posterior margin of the mesoleg with spine or projection distally on mesofemur and basally on mesotibia; first quarter of mesotibia from femoro-tibial joint abruptly narrowed ................................ spinipes View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 20 View Fig A–C) (8)
– Mesotibial spine projecting posteriorly and gradually narrowing distally........(10)
8. Spine present on the mid-posterior margin of the metafemur; metatrochanter relatively short, ¼ of the metafemur length........................................................... (9)
– Spine absent on posterior margin of the metafemur; metatrochanter is ½ the length of the metafemur in major males. Shaded vegetation and thickets from east to southern Africa........ Neosisyphus fortuitus ( Péringuey, 1901) View in CoL ( Figs. 20 View Fig , 21A View Fig )
9. Distinct triangular shaped projection present on the basal posterior margin of the mesotibia. Parameres not curved at the apex ( Fig. 21C View Fig ). Moist upland and coastal grassland from east to southern Africa ................................................................. ............................................ Neosisyphus spinipes ( Thunberg, 1818) View in CoL ( Fig. 20C View Fig )
– Lacking a triangular protuberance on the basal posterior margin of the mesotibia in minor males. There is a slight sinuosity in major males. Parameres curved downward apically ( Fig. 21B View Fig ). Lowland dry savanna from east to southern Africa ................................................. Neosisyphus infuscatus ( Klug, 1855) View in CoL ( Fig. 20B View Fig )
10. Basal posterior spine on mesotibia projecting perpendicularly; body uniformly brown; size of beetles 6.0– 10 mm ......... rubrus View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 29 View Fig A–B) (11)
– Basal posterior spine on mesotibia not projecting perpendicularly to the ventral apical margin of the femur; colour is not uniform overall, size of beetles 11.0– 13.5 mm ...................................... quadricollis View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 25 View Fig A–B) (12)
11. Parameres with protrusion apical-laterally ( Fig. 30B View Fig ). Upland and coastal moist grassland and savanna in southern Africa............................................................. ............................................ Neosisyphus rubrus ( Paschalidis, 1974) View in CoL ( Fig. 29B View Fig )
– Parameres simple ( Fig. 30A View Fig ). Cool, dry savanna, karoo and grassland in South Africa (Northern Cape and Free State) and Namibia (Etosha Pan, Okaukuejo) ... .................................. Neosisyphus macrorubrus ( Paschalidis, 1974) View in CoL ( Fig. 29A View Fig )
12. Lateral margin of elytra emarginate; concavity of margin distinctly deep in the middle; short projecting metatrochanter in males (1/3 of metafemur length); metafemur lacking spines. Deep sands and shrubland of southwest coast, and karoo in the Eastern Cape ( South Africa) ............................................................ ....................................... Neosisyphus quadricollis ( Gory, 1833) View in CoL ( Figs. 26 View Fig , 27A View Fig )
– Margin of elytra with regular shape; a protuberance distally on the posterior margin of the metafemur, the metatrochanter exceeds ½ the length of the metafemur in males. Moist highland grassland in South Africa.............................................. ............................................... Neosisyphus kuehni ( Haaf, 1955) View in CoL ( Figs. 26 View Fig , 27B View Fig )
13. Setae on the elytral interstriae arranged in tufts ................................................... .......................................................... muricatus View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 2 View Fig A–F) (14)
– Setae on the elytral interstriae evenly distributed, not grouped in tufts .......... (20)
14. Setae arranged in tufts on the pronotum, which alternate with depressed bare patches .......................................................................................................... (15)
– Setae on the pronotum not arranged in tufts ................................................. (17)
15. Concave and upwardly curved margin between the anterior medial teeth of the clypeus; macropterous ( Fig. 2I View Fig ). Woodland thickets and forest in north South Africa and Swaziland.......... Sisyphus fasciculatus Boheman, 1857 View in CoL ( Figs. 2 View Fig , 3C View Fig )
– Anterior margin between medial clypeal teeth not upcurved; hind wings reduced or completely brachypterous ( Figs. 2 View Fig H–J) .....................................................(16)
16. Anterior margin between medial clypeal teeth concave; pronotum wider anteriorly than posteriorly. Parameres ( Fig. 3F View Fig ). Only known from Swaziland..................... ................................................... Sisyphus swazi Daniel & Davis View in CoL sp. n ( Fig. 2F View Fig )
– Straight edge between medial teeth of clypeus; width of pronotum uniform from anterior to posterior margins. Parameres ( Fig. 3G View Fig ). Popa Falls forest ( Namibia), Central Mozambique and East Africa.................................................................. .................................................. Sisyphus alveatus Boucomont, 1935 View in CoL ( Fig. 2G View Fig )
17. Very strong lateral emargination and distinct shiny punctation on pronotum. Cooler southern forest and montane grassland in South Africa............................ ................................................ Sisyphus muricatus ( Olivier, 1789) View in CoL ( Figs. 2 View Fig , 3A View Fig )
– No distinct lateral emargination on the pronotum.........................................(18)
18. Punctation on the pronotum unclear; interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7 with rows of black setae arranged in tufts, interstriae 2, 4, and 6 with sparsely arranged single setae. Coastal sand forest of northeast South Africa and southeast Mozambique........... ..................... Sisyphus neobornemisszanus Daniel & Davis, 2016 View in CoL ( Figs. 2 View Fig , 3B View Fig )
– Punctation on the pronotum conspicuous; setae on pronotal disc arise from the centre of ocellate punctures ( Fig. 5H View Fig )............................................................(19)
19. Proximal elytral setae evenly arranged; mid-basal elytral setae arranged in tufts of scattered individual setae. Pronotal disc with three prominent round depressions. Parameres ( Fig. 3E View Fig ). Primarily upland and highland grassland in Gauteng, Kwa- Zulu Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Northwest Province ............................. ........................................................ Sisyphus manni Montreuil, 2015 View in CoL ( Fig. 2E View Fig )
– Elytra entirely covered in tufts of setae, each tuft dense and compact; depressions on the pronotal disc absent; body larger than S. manni View in CoL and oval. Parameres ( Fig. 3D View Fig ). Unshaded vegetation in the Eastern Cape ........................................... .............................................. Sisyphus perissinottoi Montreuil, 2015 View in CoL ( Fig. 2D View Fig )
20. Well-developed tufts of epipleural setae ( Fig. 5H View Fig ); edge between medial teeth almost straight; setae on the pronotum evenly distributed ...................................... .................................................................. goryi View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 5 View Fig A–E) (22)
– Weak tufts of epipleural setae; margin between medial teeth V-shaped)............... .................................................................................. umbraphilus View in CoL species-group
21. Pronotal disc with setae interspersed with bald patches. Dense woodland and thicket in KwaZulu Natal, Gauteng and North West Provinces ( South Africa) .... ..................................... Sisyphus umbraphilus Daniel & Davis, 2016 View in CoL ( Fig. 8A View Fig )
– Pronotal disc without clear setae interspersed with bald patches .................... (26)
22. Setae on the pronotum inserted between or on the posterior margin of ocellate punctures ( Fig. 5F View Fig )........................................................................................ (23)
– Setae on the pronotum inserted centrally on ocellate punctures ............................ ...................................................................................................... ( Fig. 5G View Fig ) (25)
23. Fine setae on elytra arranged in single rows, epipleural tufts containing few setae (<10); larger-bodied species. Highland grassland under cooler conditions in South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia................................................................. ...................................................... Sisyphus caffer Boheman, 1857 View in CoL ( Figs. 5 View Fig , 6B View Fig )
– Much finer setae on elytra, distributed in single rows; epipleural tufts containing many setae (>10); elongate body shape ..........................................................(24)
24. Setae on the pronotum and elytra of uniform colour and regularly arranged. Parameres ( Fig. 6D View Fig ). Widespread woodland species in sub-Saharan Africa................. ............................................................... Sisyphus goryi Harold, 1859 View in CoL ( Fig. 5D View Fig )
– Setae on pronotum and elytra bicoloured (black and gray). Parameres ( Fig. 6A View Fig ). Open woodland in southern Angola.................................................................... ....................................... Sisyphus bicuariensis Daniel & Davis View in CoL , sp. n ( Fig. 5A View Fig )
25. Elytral setae thick, arranged in non-single rows and forming bunches; body size: 6.6– 4.4 mm. Open lowland vegetation in South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe....................................... Sisyphus sordidus Boheman, 1857 View in CoL ( Figs. 5 View Fig , 6E View Fig )
– Elytral setae fine, regularly arranged on interstriae; body size: 10–8.0 mm. East African miombo woodland; known only from Quirimbas National Park (Northern Mozambique)..................... Sisyphus genierorum Montreuil, 2015 View in CoL ( Figs. 5 View Fig , 6C View Fig )
26. Setae on outer margin of elytra not arranged in tufts; margin between medial teeth concave or straight; very large ocellate punctures on dorsal surface of pronotal disc...................................................... costatus View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 11 View Fig A–E) (27)
– Setae on outer margin of elytra not arranged in tufts; margin between medial teeth narrowed (almost V-shaped); very fine ocellate punctures on dorsal surface of pronotal disc......................................... seminulum View in CoL species-group ( Figs. 6 View Fig A–C) (30)
27. Dorsal surface of the clypeus and frons with inconspicuous ocellate punctation, but more visible on the vertex ( Figs. 11 View Fig G–I).................................................. (28)
– Dorsal surface of the head (clypeus, frons and vertex) with distinct ocellate punctation ( Figure11J View Fig ).......................................................................................... (30)
28. Vertex with dense ocellate punctation, margin between medial teeth straight; genae convex anteriorly ( Fig. 11I View Fig ); elytral setae fine and uniformly arranged. Moist savanna or dense woodland and riverine vegetation in the interior of South Africa. Shaded vegetation on coastline from Sofala Bay ( Mozambique) to Eastern Cape ( South Africa)................ Sisyphus inconspicuus Daniel & Davis View in CoL , sp. n ( Fig. 5B View Fig )
– Vertex with scattered ocellate punctation ( Fig. 11 View Fig G–H), elytral setae thicker, alternating on the interstriae between rows of well-developed and less developed setae ( Fig. 11F View Fig ) ......................................................................................................(29)
29. Margin between medial teeth distinctly concave and upcurved; lacking carinae on the frons; genae virtually straight laterally ( Fig. 11G View Fig ). Parameres ( Fig. 12B View Fig ). Highland grassland in South Africa..................................................................... .................................................. Sisyphus costatus ( Thunberg, 1818) View in CoL ( Fig. 11B View Fig )
– Edge between medial teeth straight; well-defined clypeo-frontal carina; genal margin virtually convex ( Fig. 11H View Fig ). Parameres ( Fig. 12E View Fig ). Shaded vegetation from Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa.............................................. ............................................ Sisyphus australis Daniel & Davis View in CoL sp. n ( Fig. 11E View Fig )
30. Small-bodied; genae with shallow depression dorsally; pronotal disc showing distinct pattern of bare patches amongst sparse short setae; metafemur simple. Highland forest under cooler conditions in Zimbabwe and Malawi..................... ................................................... Sisyphus gazanus Arrow, 1907 View in CoL ( Figs. 11 View Fig , 12C View Fig )
– Large-bodied; genal depression absent; setae arranged regularly on pronotal disc; anvil- shaped projection on mid-posterior margin of metafemur. Lowland shaded Savanna from east to southern Africa................................................................... .................................. Sisyphus impressipennis Lansberge, 1886 View in CoL ( Figs. 11 View Fig , 12A View Fig )
31. Relatively large-bodied; pronotal disc with conspicuous metallic sheen; open woodland in north of Namibia and south of Angola............................................ ................................................ Sisyphus splendidus Montreuil, 2015 View in CoL ( Fig. 14A View Fig )
– Relatively small to medium-bodied................................................................ (32)
32. Very small-sized body (3.0– 3.8 mm); pronotal disc dull bearing some depressions. Shaded vegetation in eastern and southern Africa ................................................ ....................................... Sisyphus nanniscus Péringuey, 1901 View in CoL ( Figs. 14C View Fig , 15B View Fig )
– Medium-sized body (3.9–5.0 mm)................................................................ (33)
33. Pronotal disc bears sparse, long and fine yellow setae, separated by linear bare patches ( Fig. 14E View Fig ); parameres notched dorsally ( Fig. 15A View Fig ). Dense coastal woodlands and forest from northeast South Africa to southern Mozambique.............. .......................................... Sisyphus oralensis Daniel & Davis, 2016 View in CoL ( Fig. 14B View Fig )
– Pronotum bears thick and short golden setae; directional projection of the setae well-defined ( Fig. 14F View Fig ); parameres without excavation dorsally, attenuating sharply at the apex ( Fig. 15C View Fig ). Forest and dense woodland species in central Mozambique................... Sisyphus auricomus Daniel & Davis View in CoL sp. n ( Fig. 14D View Fig )
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