Cnemaspis muria, Riyanto & Munir & Martamenggala & Fitriana & Hamidy, 2019

Riyanto, Awal, Munir, Misbahul, Martamenggala, Andri I. S., Fitriana, Yuli Sulistya & Hamidy, Amir, 2019, Hiding in plain sight on Gunung Muria: A new species and first record of rock gecko (Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887; Squamata, Gekkonidae) from Java, Indonesia, Zootaxa 4608 (1), pp. 155-173 : 159-170

Cnemaspis muria sp.nov.

Muria Rock Gecko

Cicak Batu Gunung Muria

Figures 2–5

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:066FE9E7-7916-4E8E-AE81-CEFCCB8901C8

Holotype. MZB. Lace. 14571 ( Fig. 2A ), an adult male from the river bank at Gunung Muria , Kajar (village), Dawe (District), Kudus (Regency), Jawa Tengah (Province), Indonesia (06 o 39’47.4” S; 110 o 53’22.9” E; elevation 599 m asl), collected on 11 August 2018 by Awal Riyanto, Misbahul Munir, Rubby Alfian, Lianita Rarasandy and Rega D. Ganiarta.

Paratypes. MZB. Lace. 14564 ( Fig. 2B ), an adult female ; MZB. Lace. 14565–70, six adult males from the same locality as holotype (06˚39’33.5” S; 110˚53’20.6” E; elevation 650 m asl), collected on 17 July 2018 by Andri I.S. Martamenggala, and MZB. Lace.14572 ( Fig. 2C ), an adult male, with the same data as holotype (6°39’36.9” S; 110 o 53’20.0” E; elevation 646 m asl) .

Diagnosis. Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. differs from its congeners in Southeast Asian by the following combination characters: (1) maximum SVL of at least 58.1 mm in males and 56.9 mm in females, (2) a pair of sharpe conical tubercle clusters on occiput, (3) nuchal loop bearing a bridge of warts from the upper tympanum to the nape and made in a curved line, (4) dorsal tubercles not linearly arranged, (5) 18–20 paravertebral tubercles, (6) postmental separated by a single scale, (7) gular, pectoral, abdominal, subantebrachial, subbrachial, subfemoral, subtibial and subcaudal scales keeled, (8) no tubercles on lower flank, (9) both precloacal and femoral pores absent, (10) enlarged submetacarpal scales present at the base of first finger, (11) enlarged submetatarsal present at the base of first toe, (12) 38–40 ventral scales, (13) 31–35 lamellae under fourth toe, (14) two postcloacal tubercles on each side, (15) enlarged median subcaudal scale row present, (16) caudal tubercles encircling tail, (17) sexually dimorphic in color pattern: males with a yellow belly and the proximal subcaudal surfaces yellow becoming white distally, female with a white belly with proximal subcaudal surface of alternating white and black rings and black coloration distally.

Description of holotype. An adult male, 56.8 mm SVL; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderately large in size (HeadL/SVL 0.28), elongate (HeadW/HeadL 0.65), narrow and flattened (HeadD/HeadL 0.36), distinct from neck; snout short (SnoutL/HeadL 0.43), slightly concave in lateral profile; snout longer than the distance between eye and ear (SnouL/EarEye 1.67); canthus rostralis smoothly rounded; eye large (ED/HeadL 0.21; ED/SnoutL 0.50); pupil round; ear opening oval,taller than wide;rostral concave,dorsal 80% divided by longitudinal groove;rostral width1.66 times of it’s length; rostral bordered posteriorly by two small supranasals and two large scales between the supranasals

and laterally by first supralabials; 10 supralabials on each side; 9 infralabials on each side, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented posterodorsally, bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; a pair of bridges of warts present on occiput; nuchal loop present, bearing a bridge of warts extending from upper tympanum to the nape in a curved formation ( Fig. 3 ).

Mental large, sub triangular, elongate (MentL/MentW 1.11), and extending posteriorly to a point equal to the anterior part of third infralabial, laterally in contact with first infralabial, posterolaterally bordered by three postmental scales; asymmetric arrangement of the postmentals, slightly damaged on the right side of the postmental, postmentals bordered posteriorly by 11 weakly keeled scales; scales on throat raised and weakly keeled.

Body slender, elongate (AGL/SVL 0.41); dorsal body covered by pointed-weakly unicarinate scales which homogeneous in size; dorsal tubercles moderately prominent and randomly distributed; absent tubercles on flank; dorsal scales at mid-body smaller than ventral at same level; 20 PVT, flat, sub-pyramidal and weakly tricarinate, each about two or three times as large as granules separating them; abdominal and ventral scales sub-equal in size, ovoid, tricarinate, juxtaposed; pre-cloacal and femoral pores absent; enlarged femoral scales absent.

Forelimbs short (AntBraL/SVL 0.18; BracL/SVL 0.17); dorsal scales on both upper and lower arm, same size as abdominal scales; ventral scales on lower arm slightly larger than ventral scales on upper arm, unicarinate; ventral scales on lower arm weakly tricarinate; digits well developed, elongate, slender, all bearing slightly recurved claws; enlarged sub-metacarpal present at base of first finger ( Fig. 4A ); relative length of fingers 4>3>5>2>1.

Hindlimbs relatively long (TibiaL/SVL 0.26; ThighL/SVL 0.23); dorsal scales on both tibias and thighs weakly tricarinate, size relatively homogeneous; subtibial sligthly smaller than subfemoral scales, enlarged scales absent, both tricarinate; digits well developed, elongate, slender, all bearing slightly recurved claws; enlarged submetatarsal present at the base of first toe ( Fig. 4B ); relative length of toes 4>3>5>2>1; 31 lamellae under fourth toe.

Tail original (TailL 73.5 mm), long (TailL/SVL 1.29), base swollen; two conical postcloacal tubercles present on each side; a distinct furrow on the lateral surface of the tail present; caudal tubercles encircling tail in whorls; tail segmented with 21 whorls of tubercles, each whorl consisting of ten enlarged keeled tubercles separated from one another by 1 to 8 small scales; each whorl separated from adjacent whorls by 5 to 7 small scales; subcaudal scales unicarinate; interrupted median row of enlarged unicarinate subcaudals ( Fig. 5 ).

Color pattern in life. Dorsal ground color brick-red; rostrum mixed yellowish; supralabials, infralabials and superciliaries yellow; a yellowish white continuous nuchal loop present, extending from middle posterior margin of one orbit to the other; a yellow line present, extending from lower posterior margin of orbits to the lower anterior margin of ears; white ocelli in shoulder region; three black weakly longitudinal spots arranged in a transverse row on the nape and shoulder region; seven blackish blotches intermixed with six white blotches along spine extending from shoulder to hindlimb insertion; six white dorsolateral blotches between limb insertions; flanks bearing small, round, yellow spots that extend onto along lateral margins of abdomen; dorsal ground color of tail dorsum is brickred, interrupted by blackish and white transverse bands and the apex of the tail white.

In mental region ventral part of infralabials yellow; gular region yellowish white; pectoral and abdominal regions yellow; subantebrachials, subbrachials, precloacal region, subtibials and subfemorals yellowish; palms and tarsals yellow; proximal subcaudals yellow until about the ninth whorl, then white distally.

Variation. Meristic data for the single female are similar to those of males and measural data are included within the range of males (see Table 3 ), which led us to consider them as conspecific, despite the differences in coloration. The new species exhibits sexual dimorphism in ventral color pattern. Males have a yellow belly whereas it is white in the female and the ventral surface of tail in males is proximally yellow and distally white (changing at approximately mid-length) but in the female alternating black and white rings completely encircle the tail, which is black distally ( Fig. 6 ).

Etymology. The specific epithet muria is a noun in apposition and refers to Gunung Muria, the type locality of this species, and so far, the only known locality for the genus Cnemaspis in Java.

Distribution. Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. is only known from its type locality, in the southern foothills of Gunung Muria, a dormant volcano 1602 m in maximum elevation, located in the center of the Muria Peninsula of northern Central Java (Jawa Tengah). Gunung Muria represents the first, and so far, the only known locality for the genus Cnemaspis in Java ( Fig. 7 ).

Natural history. Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. is a scansorial species known only from large granite rock microhabitats along rivers and coffee plantations ( Fig. 8 ) on the southern slope of Gunung Muria at middle elevations, between 560 and 599 m. The holotype was caught at night, hanging on a tree root, 2 m above a dry river bank. The paratypes MZB. Lace. 14564 and MZB. Lace. 14572 were also caught at night, whereas the other paratypes were caught during the day hanging on shaded crevices of rocks. MZB. Lace. 14572 and four another specimens not collected were found foraging on rock walls, and sympatric with Cyrtodactylus sp.

Comparison. Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. has numerous diagnostic characters states that separate it from congeners from the Malay Peninsula, adjacent small islands, Borneo, and Sumatra. Summary comparisons of the new species with other species of the Southern Sunda clade of the C. kendalli group are presented in Tables 4 and Table 5 . The new species is easily distinguished from its sister taxon, C. bidongensis , by the presence of single median row of keeled subcaudals (versus smooth), an enlarged submetacarpal scales at the base of first finger (versus absence) and an enlarged submetatarsal scale at the base of first toe (versus absence); from C. baueri it is distinguished by the presence of an enlarged submetatarsal on the first toe (versus absence), absence of precloacal pores (versus presence), and presence of enlarged median row of subcaudals (versus absent); from C. kendallii it may be differentiated by the absence of tubercles on lower flank (versus presence), presence of enlarged submetatarsal scales on the first toe (versus absence), dorsal tubercles not linearly arranged (versus linearly arranged), ventral scales tricarinate (versus unicarinate) and single median row of keeled subcaudals (versus subcaudals not keeled); from C. mumpuniae by the absence (versus presence) of tubercles on the lower flank and presence (versus absence) of enlarged submetatarsal scales on the first toe; from C. pemanggilensis Grismer & Das, 2005 , by a lower number of PVT (18–20 versus 30–37), presence of enlarged submetatarsal on the first toe (versus absence); from C. peninsularis Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Chan, Quah & Pauwels, 2014 by the absence of tubercles on lower flank (versus presence), presence of single median row of keeled subcaudals (versus absence) and enlarged submetatarsal on the first toe (versus absence); and from C. sundainsula by absence of tubercles on lower flank (versus presence), tubercles arranged not linearly (versus linearly arranged), lower number of PVT (18–20 versus 26–37), presence of keeled subcaudal scales (versus smooth subcaudal scales), keeled enlarged median subcaudal row (versus smooth), and caudal tubercles encircling tail (versus not encircling).

Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. may be easily distinguished from C. purnamai Riyanto, Hamidy, Sidik & Gunalen, 2017 , newly described from Belitung Island, by the presence of the nuchal loop bearing a bridge of warts extending from upper tympanum to the nape in a curved line (versus this configuration lacking) and a greater number of lamellae under the fourth toe (31–35 versus 22–24); and from C. rajabasa by the presence of an enlarged median subcaudal row (versus median row not enlarged) and enlarged submetatarsal under first toe (versus lacks enlarged submetatarsal under first toe); and from C. sundagekko Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Chan, Quah & Pauwels, 2014 , by the presence of single median row of enlarged keeled subcaudals (versus median row not enlarged), and an enlarged submetatarsal scale on the first toe (versus absent).

The ventral scales in the new species are keeled, whereas the following species have smooth ventral scales: Cnemaspis andalas , C. biocellata Grismer, Chan, Nurolhuda & Sumontha, 2008 , C. flavigaster Chan & Grismer, 2008 , C. kumpoli Taylor, 1963 , C. monachorum Grismer, Ahmad, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood & Ahmad, 2009 , C. minang , and C. tapanuli .

The lack of precloacal pores in the new species distinguish it from all the following species which have precloacal pores: C. andalas , C. affinis ( Stoliczka, 1870) , C. argus Dring, 1979 , C. bayuensis Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan, 2008 , C. bidongensis , C. biocellata , C. hangus Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Chan, Quah & Pauwels, 2014 , C. flavigaster , C. dezwani , C. dringi , C. flavolineata ( Nicholls, 1949) , C. gismeri Wood, Quah, Anuar & Muin, 2013 , C. harimau Chan, Grismer, Shahrul, Quah, Muin, Savage, Grismer, Ahmad, Remegio & Greer, 2010 , C. karsticola Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan, 2008 , C. kumpoli , C. leucura , C. limi Das & Grismer, 2003 , C. minang , C. mcguirei Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan, 2008 , C. modiglianii , C. monochorum , C. narathiwatensis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya, 2010 , C. nigrida , C. pagai , C. paripari C. perhentianensis Grismer & Chan, 2008 , C. pseudomcguirei Grismer, Ahmad, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood & Ahmad, 2009 , C. selamatkanmerapoh Grismer, Wood, Mohamed, Chan, Heinz, Sumarli, Chan & Loredo, 2013 , C. stongensis Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Chan, Quah & Pauwels, 2014 , C. tapanuli , C. temiah Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Riyanto, Ahmad, Muin, Sumontha, Grismer, Chan, Quah & Pauwels, 2014 and C. whittenorum .

Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. possesses enlarged submetatarsal scales on the first toe which distinguishes it from all the following species which lack this character: C. affinis , C. argus C. bayuensis , C. biocellata , C. flavolineata , C. grismeri , C. hangus , C. harimau , C. karsticola , C. limi , C. mashuriae , C. mcguirei , C. narathiwatensis , C. pemanggilensis , C. perhentianensis , C. selamatkanmerapoh , C. shahruli Grismer, Chan, Quah, Mohd, Savage, Grismer, Ahmad, Greer & Remegio, 2010 , C. stongensis , C. tapanuli , and C. temiah .

The new species possesses caudal tubercles encircling the tail which differentiates it from Cnemaspis affinis , C. andalas , C. argus , C. bayuensis , C. biocellata , C. dringi , C. flavigaster , C. leucura , C. grismeri , C. hangus , C. karsticola , C. kumpoli , C. laoensis , C. limi , C. mahsuriae Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Ngadi & Ahmad, 2015 , C. minang , C. mcguirei , C. monachorum , C. narathiwatensis , C. nigridia , C. pagai , C. paripari , C. perhentianensis , C. pseudomcguirei , C. roticanai Grismer & Chan, 2010 , C. selamatkanmerapoh , C. sundainsula , C. shahruli , C. stongensis , C. tapanuli , and C. temiah .

In having enlarged median row of subcaudals, Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. aceh , C. andalas , C. bidongensis , C. biocellata , C. bidongensis , C. dezwaani , C. jacobsoni , C. kumpoli , C. limi , C. mahsuriae , C. minang , C. modiglianii , C. monachorum , C. mumpuniae , C. nigridia , C. pagai , C. paripari , C. pemanggilensis , C. sundagekko , C. sundainsula , C. whittenorum , and C. tapanuli .

The new species can be separated from Cnemaspis andalas , C. biocellata , C. flavigaster , C. kumpoli , C. laoensis , C. limi , C. minang , C. monachorum , C. sundainsula , and C. tapanuli by having keeled subcaudal scales.

The new species lacks a vertebral stripe which separates it from C. aceh , C. andalas , C. dezwaani , C. flavolineata *, C. jacobsoni , C. narathiwatensis , C. pseudomcguirei *, C. shahruli *, C. tapanuli , C. temiah * and C. whittenorum (species with variable presence of this character indicated by an asterisk *).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Types specimens of Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. A. Holotype (MZB.Lace.14571), male. B. Paratype (MZB. Lace.14564), female. C. Paratype (MZB.Lace.14572), male. Photos A and C by A. Riyanto, B by A. I. S. Martamenggala.

FIGURE 3. Close up of the head of Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. showing a pair of sharpe conical tubercles clustered on the occiput (yellow arrows) and nuchal loop bearing a bridge of warts in a curved line from the upper tympanum to the nape (red arrows). Photo by A. Riyanto.

FIGURE 4. Palmar and tarsal views of the holotype Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. (MZB.Lace.14571), showing the enlarged metacarpal scale on the first finger (A) and the enlarged metatarsal scale on the first toe (B). Bar = 10 mm. Photos by A. Riyanto.

FIGURE 5. Ventral tail view of Cnemaspis muria sp. nov., holotype (MZB.Lace.14571) showing the unicarinate subcaudal scales, and the interrupted median row of enlarged unicarinate subcaudals. Bar = 10 mm. Photos by A. Riyanto.

FIGURE 6. Sexual dimorphism exhibited in ventral views of Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. A. Male, holotype (MZB.Lace.14571), showing the subcaudal coloration that changes from yellow to white at about the midpoint of the tail. B. Female, paratype (MZB. Lace.14564), showing the subcaudal surface with alternating white and black bands and a black apex of the tail. Bar = 10 mm. Photo A by A. Riyanto, B by A. I. S. Martamenggala.

FIGURE 7. Map of Java, showing the position of Gunung Muria as the type locality of Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. (red circle). Base map modified from Wikipedia.

FIGURE 8. The habitat type of Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. in Kajar village, Dawe District, Kudus Regency in Gunung Muria. (A) Large rocks in a small river and (B) Large rock in a coffee plantation. Photos by A. I. S. Martamenggala.

Tables

TABLE 3. Meristic and mensural character states of the type series of Cnemaspis muria sp. nov. Meristic abbreviations are listed in the Materials and Methods. For SupL and InfL, the number in the parentheses is left side. TailL, the measurement for the original portion of the tail is in the parenthesis and the measurement for the regenerated portion is on the right. All measurements are in mm.

MZB.Lace,	14571	14564	14565	14566	14567	14568	14569	14570	14572
	holotype
Field number	MUN263	MVR006	MVR007	MVR008	MVR009	MVR010	MVR011	MVR012	MUN364
Date collection	08/11/2018	07/17/2018	07/17/2018	07/17/2018	07/17/2018	07/17/2018	07/17/2018	07/17/2018	08/11/2018
Sex	Male	Female	Male	Male	Male	Male	Male	Male	Male
SupL	10 (10)	10 (11)	9 (10)	12 (13)	11 (12)	11 (11)	11 (12)	9 (10)	9 (9)
InfL	9 (9)	8 (9)	9 (8)	10 (10)	10 (10)	8 (8)	10 (8)	8 (10)	7 (7)
PVT	20	20	20	18	20	20	20	20	20
LamT 4	31	32	33	32	30	31	30	32	31
No. of postcloacal	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
tubercles
Enlarged submetacarpal scale on 1 st finger absent	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
(0) or present (1)
Enlarged submetatarsal scale on 1 st toe absent (0)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
or present (1)
Tubercles absent (0) or	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
present (1) on lower flanks
Gular scales smooth (0) or	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
keeled (1)
Pectoral scales smooth (0)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
or keeled (1)
Abdominal scales smooth	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
(0) or keeled (1)
Subcaudal scales smooth	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
(0) or keeled (1)
Enlarged median	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
subcaudals absent (0) or
present (1)
Single median row of	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
enlarged subcaudals
smooth (0) or keeled (1)
Tubercles encircling tail	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
(1) or not (0)
SVL	56.8	56.9	57.3	57.4	58.0	58.6	58.5	58.1	56.4
TailL	73.5	54.1	69.1	76.2	66.9 (40.8)	72.8	68.3	59.9 (13.5)	73.0
AGL/SVL	0.41	0.43	0.41	0.44	0.45	0.43	0.43	0.43	0.43
HeadL/SVL	28.09	28.55	25.92	27.09	26.32	27.58	27.55	27.13	27.18
HeadW/HeadL	0.36	0.40	0.49	0.41	0.44	0.41	0.41	0.42	0.39
SnoutL/HeadL	0.43	0.41	0.45	0.41	0.43	0.44	0.41	0.44	0.42
SnoutL/EyeEar	1.67	1.48	1.52	1.49	1.29	1.67	1.54	1.42	1.52
SnoutL/OrbD	2.01	1.88	1.67	1.68	1.79	2.05	1.96	1.74	2.14
MentL/MentW	1.11	1.11	1.19	1.22	0.82	1.18	1.09	1.03	1.31
BracL/SVL	0.17	0.13	0.13	0.15	0.15	0.12	0.10	0.14	0.18
AntBraL/SVL	0.18	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.21
TibiaL/SVL	0.24	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.26	0.24	0.26	0.25	0.26
ThighL/SVL	0.23	0.22	0.22	0.19	0.21	0.20	0.20	0.28	0.23

TABLE 4. Diagnostic characters differentiating Cnemaspis muria sp.nov. from congeners of the C. kendallii complex (sensu Grismer et al. 2014) and C. purnamai. Abbreviations: w = weak; post = posterior.1 = maximum known SVL in mm, 2 = suplalabials, 3 = infralabials, 4 = number of paravertebral tubercles, 5 = dorsal tubercles linearly arranged (l) or random (0), 6 = tubercles on lower flanks absent (0) or present (1), 7 = subcaudal scales smooth (0) or keeled (1), 8 = single median row of subcaudals smooth (0) or keeled (1), 9 = caudal tubercles encircling tail (1) or not (0), 10 = enlarged median subcaudal row absent (0) or present (1), 11 = number of postcloacal tubercles (spur) in males, 12 = enlarged submetatarsal scale on 1 st toe (1) or not, 13 = number lamella under 4 th toes, References: A-this study, B–Amarasinghe et al. (2015), C–Grismer et al. (2014), and D–Riyanto et al. (2017).

Species	1	2	3	4	5	Characters 6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	References
C. muria sp.nov.	58.6	9 – 13	7 – 10	18 – 20	0	0	1	1	1	1	2	1	31 – 35	A
C. baueri	67.4	11 – 13	8 – 12	18 – 27	0	w, 0	1	1	1	1	2	0	26 – 32	C
C. bidongensis	58.1	9, 10	7 – 9	21 – 26	0	0	1	0	1	1	1, 2	0	26 – 30	C
C. kendalli	58.4	10, 11	8, 9	18 – 26	w	w, 1	1	0	1	0	2	0	25 – 33	C
C. mumpuniae	60.9	9 – 12	8 – 11	18 – 25	w, 0	w, 1	1	0	1	1	1, 2	0	29 – 35	A, C
C. pemanggilensis	76.0	10 – 13	8 – 10	30 – 37	0	0, w	1	1	1	1	1, 2	0	27 – 34	C
C. peninsularis	60	10, 11	7 – 11	17 – 25	0	w, 1	1	0	1	0	1, 2	0	27 – 33	C
C. purnamai	54.1	9	8	14 – 15	0	0	1	1	1	1	2	1	22 – 24	A, D
C. rajabasa	58.7	13, 14	11, 12	20 – 21	0	0	1	1	1	0	2	0	28 – 34	B
C. sundagekko	68	11 – 13	8 – 11	20 – 25	0, w	0, w	1	0	1	0, post	2, 3	0	33 – 38	C
C. sundainsula	84.5	8 – 11	7 – 9	26 – 37	1	1	0	0	0	0	2 – 4	1	25 – 29	A, C

TABLE 5.—Comparison on color pattern of Cnemaspis muria sp.nov. and congeners of the C. kendallii complex (sensu Grismer et al. 2014) and C. purnamai.? = data unavailable, and Ƌ = characters present in males only.

	muria sp. nov.		baurei		bidongensis		kendallii		mumpuniae		pemanggilensis		peninsularis		purnamai		rajabasa		sundagekko		sundainsula
Dorsal color pattern sexually dimorphic		no		no		no		no		no		no		yes		no		no		no		no
Ventral pattern sexually dimorphic		yes		no		no		no		no		no		yes		?		no		no		yes
Thin, white, nuchal loop		yes		no		no		no		yes		no		no		yes		no		no		no
Black round spots on nape and anterior of		no		yes		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		no
body
Dorsal ground color reddish		yes		no		no		no		yes		no		no		yes		no		no		no
Small, light, round spots on flanks		yes		no		no		no		yes		yes		no		yes		no		no		yes
Regenerated tail yellow		no		no		no		no		yes		no		yes		yes		no		no		no
Posterior portion of original tail black		yes		yes		no		no		yes		no		yes		?		no		no		no
Caudal bands present		yes		no		no		no		no		no		no		yes		no		no		no
Gular region orange		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		no		no		no
Gular region yellow		yes		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		no		no		yes
Throat orange		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Throat yellow		yes		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		yes
Pectoral region orange		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Pectoral region yellow		yes (Ƌ)		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Abdominen orange		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Abdomen yellow		yes (Ƌ)		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		yes
Ventral surface of forelimbs orange		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Ventral surface of forelimbs yellow		yes (Ƌ)		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Ventral surface of hindlimbs orange		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Ventral surface of hindlimbs yellow		yes (Ƌ)		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Subcaudal orange		no		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		no
Subcaudal yellow		yes (Ƌ)		no		no		no		no		no		no		?		?		no		yes
At least posterior half of subcaudal region		yes (Ƌ)		no		no		yes		no		no		no		?		?		no		yes
white