Solanum capsicoides All., Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 64. 1773.

Aubriot, Xavier & Knapp, Sandra, 2022, A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 198, pp. 1-270 : 1

6. Solanum capsicoides All., Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 64. 1773.

Fig. 5E-G

Solanum pentapetaloides Roxb. ex Hornem., Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 27. 1819. Type. Cultivated in Calcutta (?), W. Roxburgh s.n. (lectotype, designated by D’Arcy 1974b, pg. 842, as “type”: P-LA [P00357622]).

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. var. denudatum Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 244. 1852. Type. Indonesia. Java: sin. loc., H. Zollinger 529 (lectotype, designated by Vorontsova and Knapp 2016, pg. 108: G-DC [G00145991, IDC microfiche 800-61.2080:II.6]; isolectotype: G).

Solanum bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 55: 206. 1908. Type. China. Hong Kong: Île Verte, 31 Jul 1895, E.M. Bodinier s.n. (lectotype designated here: E [E00284479]; isolectotype: A [00077790, fragment]).

Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C.Wendl. var. geoffrayi Bonati, Fl. Indochine 4: 324. 1915. Type. Cambodia. Kampot: “Kampot”, 20 Dec 1903, C. Geoffray 261 (lectotype, designated here: P [P00055825]; isolectotype: P [P00761034]).

Type.

Cultivated in Turin , Italy (Torino), Anonymous s.n. (holotype: TO [fide Nee 1979]) .

Description.

Vorontsova and Knapp (2016: 108-111); http://www.solanaceaesource.org/solanaceae/solanum-capsicoides.

Distribution.

Solanum capsicoides is widespread but scattered throughout tropical Asia (see Table 2 ); it is native to Southern South America and is widely adventive and cultivated for ornament.

Common names.

China. niu qie zi ( Zhang et al. 1994).

Discussion.

Solanum capsicoides is a member of the Acanthophora clade along with several other American species introduced to tropical Asia (e.g., S. aculeatissimum , S. mammosum , S. viarum ). It can be distinguished from those taxa and from any native species in the region in its absence of any stellate trichomes (all trichomes are simple, but derived from stellate ones, see Levin et al. 2005) and large dark orange berries with winged seeds.

In the description of S. bodinieri , Léveillé (1908) did not cite a herbarium or a particular specimen. The herbarium of the French botanist and clergyman Augustin A.H. Léveillé was acquired by the Scottish botanist George Forrest from whence it passed to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Vorontsova and Knapp (2016) incorrectly assumed the sheet in E was the holotype. We here lectotypify this name using the specimen at E (E00284479) they cited as holotype.

Bonati (1915) did not cite a specimen or herbarium in his description of var. Solanum geoffrayi . Hul and Dy Phon (2014) cited "holo-, P!", presumably referring to one of two sheets of this gathering in P. We select as lectotype the sheet at P with the original label (P00055825) that was presumably the sheet referred to by Hul and Dy Phon (2014).

Specimens examined.

See Suppl. materials 1-3.

Figures

Figure 5. Introduced species of Solanum. Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. A habit (Bidault et al. 3627, Gabon) B detail view of a flower (Bidault et al. 3627, Gabon) C detail view of a fruit (Bidault et al. 3627, Gabon). Solanum aethiopicum L. D detail view of a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, in cultivation at Radboud University, Nijmegen) E detail view of fruits (field photograph, unvouchered, in cultivation at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne). Solanum capsicoides All. F detail view of a flower (Coronado Gonzalez 5457, Nicaragua) G detail view of a fruit (Coronado Gonzalez 5457, Nicaragua). Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl. H detail of a fertile branch (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A-C E. Bidault D, E, H S. Knapp F, G I. Coronado Gonzalez.