Aleiodes apicalis group
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publication ID |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.919.39642 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0CC5169A-2325-41AD-938F-179FCB056381 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D8E9E2A4-D2C7-5C97-B629-DB1DC2567902 |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Aleiodes apicalis group |
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Diagnosis.
Apical half of marginal cell of hind wing distinctly widened, its maximum width 1.6 × its width near hamuli or wider (Fig. 27 View Figures 26–37 ) and vein r of fore wing shorter than vein 3-SR (Figs 180 View Figures 180–191 , 608 View Figures 608–621 ), if marginal cell largely parallel-sided (Figs 506 View Figures 506–518 , 609 View Figures 608–621 , 704 View Figures 704–716 ) then tarsal claws comparatively robust and with often blackish pecten (Figs 517 View Figures 506–518 , 621 View Figures 608–621 , 716 View Figures 704–716 ) or brachypterous (Fig. 390 View Figures 390–399 ); occipital carina usually reduced ventrally, not reaching hypostomal carina (Figs 600 View Figures 591–603 , 663 View Figures 654–666 , 713 View Figures 704–716 , 788 View Figures 779–791 ); mesopleuron partly smooth (at least between punctures), but largely densely sculptured in both sexes of A. hemipterus and A. krulikowskii , as well in some males of A. ruficornis and allies; lateral carina of scutellum absent or if present then weakly developed and lunula wide (Fig. 508 View Figures 506–518 ); 2nd metasomal tergite with distinct and smooth triangular area medio-basally (Fig. 509 View Figures 506–518 ); ovipositor sheath distinctly setose apically (Fig. 483 View Figures 482, 483 ); males are often darker than females, most extremely so in A. arnoldii , A. carbonarius and A. carbonaroides ; brachypterous specimens of Aleiodes are included in this group.
Biology.
All species of the A. apicalis group for which host data exist are parasitoids of Noctuidae . However, the putatively more basal A. fortipes belonging to the Hemigyroneuron clade (see below) is a parasitoid of Geometridae . Also, only A. fortipes and A. sibiricus are known to parasitise hosts only in spring although these hosts would have been available in autumn of the previous year. Possibly others in the A. apicalis group will be found to do this too, and we consider the habit putatively as ancestral, in contrast with the more derived A. circumscriptus and A. bicolor groups in which species using hosts that overwinter as larvae invariably (as far as known) parasitise the host in the autumn and overwinter as a young larva inside it.
While we have no host data for a disappointingly large number of species of the A. apicalis group, the form of the clypeus may give important clues as to the site at which host mummification occurs, as those species in which mummification is known to take place in open situations (e.g., on a twig or in a leaf curl) invariably have a relatively small hypoclypeal depression and the clypeal margin blunt ( A. apicalis , A. aterrimus , A. fortipes , A. nobilis , A. pulchripes , A. rugulosus ) while species known to cause their hosts to mummify in concealed situations tend to have the hypoclypeal opening wider and the margin sharper (e.g., A. cruentus , A. dissector , A. ruficornis , A. sibiricus , A. unipunctator ).
Notes.
According to the 28S + COI analysis by Zaldívar-Riverón et al. (2008) the following former subgenera or genera belong to this group: Chelonorhogas Enderlein, [1st Sept.] 1912 (worldwide), Eucystomastax Brues, [(end of?) Sept.] 1912 (Neotropical group with 2nd and 3rd maxillary palp segments enlarged), Hemigyroneuron Baker, 1917 (Old World group with distal half of subbasal cell of fore wing modified and glabrous), and Dimorphomastax Shenefelt, 1979 (males of this monotypic Neotropical group have a large curved tooth near the base of the mandible (an outgrowth of the condylar carina) and the hind tibial spurs are blunt apically; females have the tooth smaller and triangular, and the hind tibial spurs are acute). Butcher et al. (2012) indicate in their cladogram based on the analysis of COI sequences that A. fortipes (Reinhard) forms together with Hemigyroneuron Baker and Arcaleiodes Chen & He the most basal clade of Aleiodes Wesmael, and it is noteworthy that all known hosts of this clade are Geometridae (see species entry for A. fortipes ). According to the same analysis the A. apicalis group consists of three clades: (i) the Hemigyroneuron clade (see above; likely also includes A. caucasicus (Tobias)), (ii) the A. rugulosus clade (including the Asian group with modified pronotum), and (iii) the A. gasterator clade. Since we do not have the COI sequences of all species, we unite these three clades in the A. apicalis group to allow identification based on their morphology.
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