Chamaelinorops Schmidt, 1919

Nicholson, Kirsten E., Crother, Brian I., Guyer, Craig & Savage, Jay M., 2012, 3477, Zootaxa 3477, pp. 1-108 : 30-33

Genus Chamaelinorops Schmidt, 1919

Chamaelinorops Schmidt, 1919 ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 41: 523. Types pecies: Chamaelinorops barbouri Schmidt, 1919 , 41: 523 by original designation.

Diagnosis. — Support for this genus consists of 39 apomorphies including two morphologica features and 37 molecular ones. Only one unequivocal morphological apomorphy characterizes the genus: reduced body size (1: f to c). There are sixteen unequivocal molecular apomorphies (see Appendix II).

Definition. —Members of the genus Chamaelinorops are mostly small species (maximum snout-to-vent length in adult males 39 to 50 mm, 33 to 55 mm in adult females). Chamaelinorops fowleri is moderate sized (maximum snout-to-vent length in adult males to 77 mm and to 75 mm in adult females). Members of this genus share the following combination of characters: 1) usually having the alpha condition of the caudal vertebrae ( Etheridge, 1967, Fig. 2C) in which the caudal vertebrae anterior to the first autotomic vertebra are aseptate and have transverse processes and the posterior caudal vertebrae lack transverse processes but usually have autotomy septa ( C. insolitus has aseptate ones). Chamaelinorops barbouri is unique among dactyloids in having thoracic and lumbar vertebrae with greatly expanded transverse processes and caudal vertebrae that lack autotomic septa but have laterally expanded transverse processes on caudal vertebrae to vertebra 17, followed by vertebrae with nublike remnants of the transverse processes ( Forsgaard, 1983 Fig. 4); 2) interclavicle T-shaped ( Guyer and Savage, 1986, Fig. 2C); 3) postfrontal usually present; 4) pineal foramen in parietal or frontal parietal suture; 5) supratemporal processes of parietal may or may not extend over the upper surface of supraoccipital; 6) no pterygoid teeth; 7) angular process of articular usually large, rarely reduced or absent; 8) posterior suture of dentary pronged; 9) splenial absent; 10) usually no lower jaw wrinkling or sculpturing; 11) modal number of lumbar vertebrae 4 or 5; 12) number of caudal vertebrae anterior to first autotomic vertebra 5 to 10; 13) supraoccipital cresting almost always with distinct lateral processes; 14) Type I karyotype: 2N = 36 (12M, 24m); no sexual heteromorphism; N.F. = 48.

Content. —This genus contains nine species and a total of 16 species and subspecies (see Appendix III).

Distribution. — Hispaniola and its satellite islands ( Fig. 16).

Etymology. —The name of this genus is derived from the Greek chamaileôn, latinized to chamaeleon = the Old World chamaeleon lizards and norops = bright or gleaming, in reference to its apparent relationship to two other dactyloid genera, Chamaeleolis and Norops , recognized in 1919. Norops is an adjective used as a noun and is in the masculine gender as indicated by the original describer (Wagler, 1830). Thus, Chamaelinorops is masculine in gender.

Remarks. — Chamaelinorops christophei is tentatively referred to this genus. In both trees it falls out as being allied to members of the genus Xiphosurus but differs from them morphologically, particularly in having a Tshaped interclavicle while all Xiphosurus have an arrow-shaped one. According to Williams (1962) and Thomas and Schwartz (1967) this form is allied with the species that was described by Cochran (1939) as Anolis darlingtoni , here included in Chamaelinorops , further supporting our placement of C. christophei in the same genus. Cochran (1935) had earlier described a different taxon as Xiphosurus darlingtoni . Williams (1962), based on Etheridge’s unpublished dissertation (1960), included both A. darlingtoni and X. darlingtoni in Anolis , rendering the 1939 name a secondary homonym of the 1935 one. Williams consequently proposed the name Anolis etheridgei as a new name for Anolis [not Xiphosurus ] darlingtoni . However, as we place the two species in different genera, the homonymy is resolved and under the Code (Art. 59.4) the correct names are Deiroptyx darlingtoni ( Cochran, 1935) and Chamaelinorops darlingtoni ( Cochran, 1939) . Chamaelinorops can be identified as a monophyletic lineage in every published analysis since Guyer and Savage (1986), including Alfoldi et al.’s (2011) analysis of the genome of Anolis carolinensis that includes a molecular phylogeny for 96 anole taxa based upon 46 loci and 20,000 bp of sequence data.

Genus Audantia Cochran, 1934

Audantia Cochran, 1934: 171 . Type species: Audantia armouri Cochran, 1934: 171 by original designation.

Diagnosis. — Support for this genus is provided by 102 apomorphies including 13 morphological and 89 molecular ones. There are eight unequivocal morphological apomorphies: ratio of maximum female snout-to-vent length to maximum male snout-to-vent length increased (2: h to l); head increased in width (5: o to t), dorsal, ventral, supradigital and head scales smooth (40: 0 to 2); no postfrontal (62: a to z); posteroventral corner of jugal posterior to posterior edge of jugal (69: a to z); pterygoid teeth present (71: z to a); lateral shelf of quadrate present (75: a to z); and jaw wrinkling of cybotes type (90: 0 to 4). There are 49 unequivocal molecular apomorphies (see Appendix II).

Definition. —Members of the genus Audantia are moderate-sized dactyloids (maximum snout-to-vent length of adult males 57 to 79 mm, 49 to 66 mm in females) that share the following combination of characters: 1) caudal vertebrae anterior to the first autotomic vertebra are aseptate and have transverse processes, followed by several autotomic vertebrae with short laterally-directed transverse processes that lie posterior to the autotomy septa and are not bifurcate in the vertical plane and the more posterior autotomic vertebrae which lack transverse processes ( Guyer and Savage, 1986, Fig.1B); 2) interclavicle arrow shaped ( Guyer and Savage, 1986, Fig. 2A); 3) postfrontal bone present or absent; 4) pineal foramen in frontal parietal suture; 5) supratemporal processes of parietal extend over upper surface of supraoccipital; 6) pterygoid teeth usually present; 7) angular process of articular reduced or absent; 8) posterior suture of dentary blunt; 9) no splenial; 10) strong semilunar-shaped sculpturing in lower jaw of large adult males ( Etheridge, 1969, Fig. 8C); 11) modal number of lumbar vertebrae 3 or 4; 12) modal number of caudal vertebrae anterior to first without transverse processes usually 6 or 7; 13) supraoccipital cresting usually continuous across supraoccipital, rarely with distinct lateral processes; 14) Type I karyotype: 2N = 36 (12M, 24m); no sexual heteromorphism; N.F. = 48.

Content. —This species group contains nine species and a total of 14 species and subspecies (see Appendix III).

Distribution. — Hispaniola and its satellite islands. ( Fig. 17).

Introduction. — Audantia cybotes to Florida and Suriname.

Etymology. —This generic name is a patronym honoring André Audant, a zoologist at the Government Agricultural School at Damien, Haiti, who first collected the type species of the genus. The name is feminine in gender.

Remarks. — Audantia can be identified as a monophyletic lineage in every published analysis since Guyer and Savage (1986), including Alfoldi et al.’s (2011) analysis of the genome of Anolis carolinensis that includes a molecular phylogeny for 96 anole taxa based upon 46 loci and 20,000 bp of sequence data.

Genus Anolis Daudin, 1802

Anolis Daudin, 1802 ; Histoire Naturelle Gènérale et Particulière des Reptiles 4: 50. Type species: Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832: 71 by action of the ICZN (1986) (Opinion 1385).

Anolius Cuvier, 1816 ; Règne Animal (2): 41, an unjustified emendation of Anolis Daudin, 1802 (4): 50 that must take same type species as Anolis . Type species: Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832: 71 .

Acantholis Cocteau, 1836a ; C. R. Hedb. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 3: 226 (nomen nudum); 1836b; L’Insitut 4: 287. Type species: Anolis loysianus . Cocteau, 1836b; 3: 287 by monotypy.

Microctenus Fitzinger, 1843 ; Systema Reptilium: 16, 64. Type species: Anolis edwardsii Merrem, 1820: 4 (= Lacerta bimaculata Sparrman, 1784: 169 ). Proposed as a subgenus of Ctenonotus .

Ctenocercus Fitzinger, 1843; Systema Reptilium: 17, 68. Type species: Lacerta bullaris Linné, 1758: 208 [in part] (= Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832: 71 by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Dactyloa .

Heteroderma Fitzinger, 1843: 17, 68. Type species: Anolis loysianus Cocteau, 1836b ; 3: 226 by original designation.

Macroleptura Garrido, 1975 ; Poeyana 143: 41. Type species: Anolis cyanopleurus Cope, 1861 ; 13: 211 by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Anolis .

Pseudoequestris Varona, 1985 ; Doñanna Acta Vert 12: 33. Type species: Anolis isolepis Cope : 1861; 13: 214 by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Anolis .

Gekkoanolis Varona, 1985 ; Doñanna Acta Vert: 34. Type species: Anolis lucius C. Duméril and Bibron, 1837 (94): 105 by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Anolis .

Brevicaudata Varona, 1985 ; Doñanna Acta Vert. 12: 35. Type species Anolis angusticeps Hallowell, 1856 ; 8: 228 by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Anolis .

Diagnosis. — Support for this genus is provided by 47 apomorphies including seven morphological features and 40 molecular ones. There are two unequivocal morphological features: mental scale completely divided (26: a to z); and supratemporal processes leave supraocciptal exposed above (61: z to a). There are 23 unequivocal molecular apomorphies (see Appendix II).

Definition. —Members of the genus Anolis are defined as dactyloid lizards having: 1) the alpha condition of the caudal vertebrae ( Etheridge, 1967, Fig. 2C) in which the caudal vertebrae anterior to the first autotomic vertebra are aseptate and have transverse processes and the posterior caudal vertebrae lack transverse processes but have autotomy septa; 2) interclavicle T-shaped ( Guyer and Savage, 1986, Fig. 2B); 3) postfrontal bone usually present (absent in A. sheplani ); 4) pineal foramen in frontal parietal suture or parietal; 5) pterygoid teeth usually absent; 5) supratemporal processes of parietal may or may not extend over upper surface of supraoccipital; 6) pterygoid teeth usually absent; 7) angular process of articular usually large; 8) posterior border of dentary usually pronged; 9) no splenial; 10) no lower jaw sculpturing; 11) modal number of lumbar vertebrae 5; 12) number of caudal vertebrae anterior to first without transverse processes 6–8, modal number 7; 13) supraoccipital cresting with distinct lateral processes; 14) 2N karyotype = 36 (12M, 24m); no sexual heteromorphism; N.F. = 48.

Content. —This genus is comprised of five species groups, 44 species, one a fossil, and a total of 49 species and subspecies (see Appendix III).

Distribution. — The Bahamas, Cuba, and adjacent islands, Navassa Island, Little Cayman island, Hispaniola, and the southeastern United States west to Oklahoma and Texas. One Cuban species ( A. allisoni ) occurs on Isla Cozumel, Mexico and Islas de la Bahía, Honduras, and on coastal islands off Belize ( Fig. 18).

Introductions. — Anolis carolinensis , to Hawaii, Guam, and Ogasawara Islands; Anolis maynardi to Cayman Brac and A. porcatus to Hispaniola and Florida.

Etymology. —The generic name is from the French, l’anole, derived from the Carib name, anoli, anoali ( Rochefort, 1658) for lizards on Martinique in the Lesser Antilles . It was used in the masculine gender by the original describer, Daudin (1802). It is ironic that the anole of Martinique ( Dactyloa roquet ) is now referred to a different genus. However, see Appendix I on the identities of both l’anole and l’roquet.

Remarks. — Linné’s (1758) Lacerta bullaris , the type species of Ctenocercus, is based on Catesby’s (1754: pl. 66) Lacerta viridis jamaicensis . It is not possible to definitely associate Catesby’s brief description and plate with any Jamaican dactyloid. Fitzinger (1843) designated Dactyloa bullaris, sensu Wagler (1830) , as the type species of Ctenocercus, but indicated it was a synonym of Dactyloa (Ctenocercus) carolinensis .

This genus is basically a Cuban radiation. It seems likely that its establishment in the southeastern United States was by overwater transportation from Cuba. There has been doubt that the presumed mainland form, Anolis carolinensis , is actually a species distinct from Anolis porcatus of Cuba. However, both species are diagnosed by over 70 apomorphies each in our combined tree. Both the genus Anolis , as envisioned by Cannatella and de Quieroz (1989) and the genera Dactyloa and Xiphosurus , as envisioned by Guyer and Savage (1986), were rendered paraphyletic by the discovery that Phenacosaurus is nested within Dactyloa and Chamaeleolis is nested within Xiphosurus . Given this, the widely cited criticism that the genera of Guyer and Savage (1986) are paraphyletic boils down to a single problem of the concept of Anolis advocated in that publication. Analyses subsequent to Guyer and Savage (1986) consistently demonstrate that the problem of paraphyly can be eliminated by restricting the content of Anolis to the groups described below along with recognition of a genus Deiroptyx and expansion of the concepts of Chamaelinorops and Xiphosurus described above. Identification of this problem and of potential solutions were summarized in Guyer and Savage (1992). The genus described here is also recognized as a clade in Alfoldi et al.’s (2011) analysis of the genome of Anolis carolinensis that includes a molecular phylogeny for 96 anole taxa based upon 46 loci and 20,000 bp of sequence data.