Xylotrupes, Hope, 1837

Rowland, J. Mark, 2011, Notes on nomenclature in Xylotrupes Hope (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae Dynastini), Insecta Mundi 2011 (176), pp. 1-10 : 8-9

Key to males of the Ulysses Species Group of Xylotrupes

1. Alpha and beta alternative male phenotypes expressed (see Rowland and Emlen 2009). Cephalic and pronotal horn maximum length about 20mm. Horn scaling essentially sigmoid-shaped. Elytra matte or glossy. Pronotum of large males usually laterally coarsely punctate ........... 4

— Only beta male phenotype expressed. Cephalic and pronotal horn maximum length about 12mm. Horn scaling essentially linear. Elytra matte. Pronotum of large males laterally finely punctate .................................................................................................................................................. 2

2(1). Right raspular base less than 20% of total length of right raspula. Maluku ................................ .......................................................................................................... X. telemachos Rowland

— Right raspular base more than 30% of total length of right raspula. Australia........................ 3

3(2). Maximum body length about 5cm. Cephalic horn tines of large males stout, strongly recurved. Right and left raspular spines of equal thickness. Queensland, Australia................................ ................................................................................... X. australicus australicus Thomson

— Maximum body length about 3.5cm. Cephalic horn tines of large males attenuate, moderately recurved. Right raspular spine thinner than left. Northern Territory, Australia..................... ....................................................................................... X. australicus darwinia Rowland

4(1). Right raspular base angled laterally relative to spine. Pronotal carinae weak. Elytra glossy. Pronotum of large males finely punctate. Sanghir Islands ....................... X. falcatus Minck

— Right raspular base in same plane as spine. Pronotal carinae usually strong. Elytra matte or glossy. Pronotum of large males coarsely punctate ................................................................. 5

5(4). Right raspular basal process reflected upward. Left raspular base oval or triangular. Elytra glossy ........................................................................................................................................ 6

— Right raspular basal process reflected downward. Left raspular base triangular. Elytra matte. .................................................................................................................................................. 8

6(5). Right raspular basal process strong. Left raspular base oval, rarely triangular. Maximum total length about 8.5cm. Bismarck Archipelago.......................... X. ulysses (Guérin-Méneville)

— Right raspular basal process weak. Left raspular base triangular. Maximum total length about 7 cm. Sulawesi and Maluku, Indonesia...................................................................................... 7

7(6). Right raspular spine longer than left. Left raspular base triangular. Sulawesi and Maluku, Indonesia.................................................................................. X. clinias clinias Schaufuss

— Right raspular spine shorter than left. Left raspular base oval. Buru Island, Indonesia. ( Fig. 3-4 , 6 ) ................................................................................... X. clinias buru Rowland ssp. nov.

8(5). Pronotal carinae strong. Milne Bay Province and Solomon Islands, PNG................................. 9

— Pronotal carinae weak. Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Aru Islands. ( Fig. 1-2 , 5 ) ...................... ............................................................................................. X. carinulus Rowland sp. nov.

9(8). Maximum total length about 7cm. Concise dimple at apex of scutellum almost always present. Milne Bay islands of PNG, Vanuatu........................... X. macleayi macleayi Montrouzier

— Maximum total length about 8.5cm. Concise dimple at apex of scutellum rarely present. Northwestern Solomon Islands............................................ X. macleayi szekessyi Endrödi

Figures

Figures 1-4. Raspulae. 1-2)X. carinulus sp. nov. 1) Right raspula. 2) Left raspula. 3-4) X. clinias buru ssp. nov. 3) Right raspula. 4) Left raspula.

Figures 5-6. Male holotypes. 5) X. carinulus sp. nov.; total length 66 mm. 6) X. clinias buru ssp. nov.; total length 69 mm.