Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Swartz (1803: 312)

Pongkai, Puttamon, Zhang, Li-Bing, Boonkerd, Thaweesakdi & Pollawatn, Rossarin, 2023, Revision of the fern genus Diplazium (Polypodiales: Athyriaceae) in Thailand, Phytotaxa 631 (1), pp. 1-69 : 21-23

7. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Swartz (1803: 312) . Fig. 10 .

Hemionitis esculenta Retzius (1791: 38) .

Type : INDIA. J. G., Kӧnig s.n. (lectotype LD1122195 !; fragment K001089389 !; designated by Fischer, 1932: 75) .

Plants terrestrial. Stems erect, up to 6 cm diameter, covered with scales at apex; scales 12–15 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, linear with long tail apex, brown, margin thick and toothed. Fronds up to 1.30 m, bipinnate; petioles 50–70 cm, 0.5–1.0 cm diameter, dark green, glabrous or pubescent, dark brown and scaly at lower portion. Laminae 1–2 pinnate, variable in size, full-grown often more than 60 cm long, ovate-deltoid in outline; pinnae 6–8 pairs, alternate, about 35–40 × 25–30 cm, stalks about 8 cm long, longest at lower pinnae, oblong in outline, rather suddenly narrowing towards acute apex, glabrous, papyraceous, light green; pinnules 9–12 pairs, alternate, 8–10 × 1.5–2.0 cm, sessile, oblong, apex acuminate, base truncate or subtruncate; margin subentire to lobed; lobe about ¼ way to costule, apex round, margin serrulate; vein anastomosing, pinnate, veinlets of pinnate groups in each lobe up to 10 pairs, lower 2–3 pairs of adjacent groups anastomosing, forming an irregular intermediate excurrent veins leading towards a sinus between adjacent lobes. Sori elongate nearly the whole length of veinlets, often uniting with the opposite ones, indusiate; indusia elongate, thin, persistance. Spores monolete, 35–42.5 × 20–25 μm, bilateral, concavo-convex to plano-convex, perispore present; ornamentation: puslulate.

Thailand: —NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son (Mae La Noi, Mae Su Rin), Chiang Mai (Ban Mae Kon, Doi Chiang Dao, Fang, Mae Klang, Hang Dong, Kang Kat, Sop Aep), Chiang Rai (Khunkorn waterfalls, Mae Kok), Nan, ( Huai Sand village ), Lamphun (Mae Tha), Lampang (Jae Sawn), Phrae, Tak, Phitsanulok (Phu Hin Rong kla); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Nong Hin); EASTERN:Chiyaphum (Nam Phrom, Phu Kheaw); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Kroeng Kawia, Phomphi, Sai Yok, Takean Thong waterfalls), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Huaiyang waterfalls); CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok (Khao Yai), Saraburi (Muak Lek), Krung Thep (Bangkok); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Si Racha, Khao kiew), Prachin Buri, Rayong (Ban Khai); PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Khao Pok, Ban Don), Satun (Ban Dan), Yala (Ban Beujaw), Narathiwat (Waeng).

Distribution: —Tropics of Asia (type from India), China, Japan, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

Ecology: —Usually on moist ground in paddy fields or along stream banks in open places or at least in light shade at low or medium elevation.

Specimens Examined:— THAILAND. no locality, A. Marcan 761 (BM); ibis., A. Marcan 765 (BM); Mae Hong Son, A.F. G. Kerr 5458 (BK, BM); Chon Buri, C. Chermsirivathana & Pragad 1980 (BK); Kanchanaburi, C.F. van Beusekom & C. Phengklai 97 (B); Mae Hong Son, Mae La Noi, E. Hennipman 3481 (L); ibis., E. Hennipman 3481 (BM); ibis., E. Hennipman 3481 (B); Prachinburi, Khao Yai, E. Hennipman 3960 (L); Satul, Ban Dan, E. Smith 2635 (BM); Samut Prakarn, J.F. Maxwell 70-24 (BK); Bangkok, J.F. Maxwell 71-751 (BK); ibis., J.F. Maxwell 71-752 (BK); Chonburi, Khao kiew, J.F. Maxwell 74-1096 (BK); ibis., J.F. Maxwell 74-1097 (L); Chon Buri, J.F. Maxwell 74-1097 (BK); Yala Ban Beujaw, J.F. Maxwell 86-867 (L, PSU); Chiang Mai, J.F. Maxwell 90-117 (L); Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao, J.F. Maxwell 92-804 (L); Chanthaburi, J.F. Maxwell s.n. (BK); Rayong, K. Kertsawank 367 (QBG); Narathiwat, Sungei Kolok, K. Larsen & S. Larsen 32875 (BKF, L); Nan, Huai Sand village, K. Srithi 377 (QBG); Lampang, Jae Sawn, L.M. Banoc 16 (L); Chaiyaphum, Nong Bua Daeng, M. Norsaengsri 5422 (QBG); Lamphun, Mae Tha, N. RomKham 275 (QBG); Prachuap Khiri Khan, O. Neansuvan 103 (BCU); Lampang, Doi Luang, O. Petrmitr 369 (L); Nanhon Si Thammarat, Khao Nan, O. Ratana 25 (BCU); Phitsanulok, Phu Hin Rong kla, P. Pongkai 110 (BCU); Kanchanaburi, Takean Thong waterfalls, P. Pongkai 84 (BCU); ibis., P. Pongkai 85 (BCU); ibis., P. Pongkai 86 (BCU); Chiang Rai, Khunkorn waterfalls, P. Ratchata 202 (BCU); ibis., P. Ratchata 208 (BCU); Phitsanulok, Pragad 563 (BK); Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai, S. Chongko 119 (L); Chaiyaphum, Phu Kheaw, S. Simpa 21 (BCU); ibis., S. Simpa 45 (BCU); Chiang mai, Hang Dong, T. Boonkerd 17 (BCU); Loei, Nong Hin, T. Boonkerd 2011-10 (BCU); Kanjanaburi Si York, T. Vongthavone 128 (BK); Nanhon Si Thammarat, U. Damsri 43 (BCU); Phrae, W. Somprasing 289 (BK); Prachuap Khiri Khan, Huaiyang waterfalls, Y. Yuyen 191 (BCU). BRUNEI. Temburong, A.D. Poulsen 144 (K). CHINA. no locality, C.G. Matthew s.n. (K); Hainan, F.A. Mcclure 7730 (K); Kwangtung, F.A. Mcclure 13188 (K); Hongkong, H.H. Edie s.n. (K); Yunnan, J. Cavalerie 7261 (K); ibis., J. Cavalerie 8109 (K); Kwangtung, K.J. Stward et al. 143 (K); Yunnan, Li Bao-gui 45074 (QBG); Hongkong, Shiu Ying Hu 6105 (K); ibis., Shiu Ying Hu 11884 (K); no locality, T. Sampson s.n. (K). INDIA. J.G. König s.n. (K). INDONESIA. no locality, A. Ernst 433 (K); ibis., A. Ernst 930 (K); Java, Berlanger s.n. (K); no locality, C. Millett s.n. (K); no locality, C.L. Blume s.n. (K); no locality, Docters van Leeuwen 11062 (K); no locality, E. de la Savinierre 69 (K); Sumatra, E. Gardette 388 (K); Sulawesi, E. Hennipman 5955 (K); no locality, E. Smith 2637 (K); no locality, F. Newton s.n. (K); no locality, F.H. Endert 3325 (K); no locality, G.J. de Joncheere 1062 (K); no locality, Heunaka 1321 (K); no locality, J.A. Lörzing 12735 (K); no locality, J.P. Mousset 48 (K); Sulawesi, J.S. Tukirin 3544 (K); Java, M. Raciborski s.n. (K); Sulawesi, M.J.S. Sands 493 (K); no locality, P.J. Eyma 3253 (K); Borneo, P.W. Korthals s.n. (K); Java, R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink 5508 (K); no locality, R.J. Johns & C. Cook 9303 (K); no locality, T.W Main 1363 (K); no locality, W.H. de Vriese 272 (K); no locality, W.J. Lütjeharms 5383 (K); Sumatra, Y. Aumeeruddy 373 (K). JAPAN. Taito, M. tagawa 2544 (K). MALAYSIA. Sabah, A. Hoare & E. Marong 75 (K); Danum Valley, A. Karolus 15 (K); no locality, B. Allen 1350 (K); no locality, B. Scortechini s.n. (K); no locality, B.S. Parris & P.J. Edwards 10474 (K); no locality, B.S. Parris 7075 (K); Perak, Dr. King’s Collector 414 (K); no locality, E.S. Hose & G. Hose 165 (K); no locality, G.H. Spare 36050 (K); Sabah, G.H.S. Wood 2050 (K); no locality, H. Christensen & F. Apu 36C (K); Sarawak, H. Christensen 1141 (K); no locality, H.N. Ridley 7863 (K); ibis., H.N. Ridley 14759 (K); no locality, H.N. Ridley s.n. (K); no locality, H.P. Fuchs 21223 (K); Sarawak, J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens 21417 (K); ibis., J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens 21464 (K); Sarawak, J. Sinclair SFN38397 (K); no locality, M. Giking 10 (K); no locality, O. Beccari s.n. (K); no locality, P.J. Edwards 2029 (K); ibis, P.W. Richards 2627 (K); no locality, Piggott, A.G. 2354 (K); Kelantan Kuala Aring, R.H. Yapp 173 (K); Perak, W. Robinson 27 (K). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. no locality, A. Floyd 5664 (K); Western Highlands, B.S. Parris & J.P. Croxall 4449 (K); Kanosia, C.E. Carr 11490 (K); no locality, F.R.R. Schlechter 14209 (K); ibis., F.R.R. Schlechter 17313 (K); no locality, H. Streimann & A. Kairo NGF44433 (K); Morobe, J.R. Croft 667 (K); no locality, L.J. Brass 28694 (K); New Ireland Ugana, S. Peckel 35 (K); Guni Guni, W. Fitzgerald 1 (K); Morobe, W. Takeuchi & A. Towati 15251 (K). PHILIPPINES. no locality, A. Loher 1236 (K); no locality, A.D.E. Elmer 6682 (K); ibis., A.D.E. Elmer 10115 (K); Basilan Menzi, A.G. Piggott 2268 (K); Luzon, E. Quisumbing M195 (K); ibis., E. Quisumbing M210 (K); no locality, E.B. Copeland 604 (K); no locality, E.D. Merrill 2542 (K); Luzon, E.D. Merrill 593 (K); ibis., E.D. Merrill 2552 (K); no locality, H. Cuming 35 (K); ibis., H. Cuming 167 (K); Mindanao, H.N. Moseley s.n. (K); Luzon, M. Vanoverbergh 1676b (K); Mindanao, R.S. Williams 2821 (K); Luzon, S. Vidal y Soler 18348 (K). SINGAPORE. H.J. Murton 147 (K).

Note:—Young fronds are locally consumed as vegetable.

Figures

FIGURE 10. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. A, pinna. B, a part of pinnule with sori. C, scale showing toothed and black marginal cells. T. Boonkerd 17 (BCU).