Enyaliopsis ephippiatus ( Gerstaecker, 1869 )

Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, Zootaxa 5120 (4), pp. 451-481 : 466-467

Enyaliopsis ephippiatus ( Gerstaecker, 1869)

Enyaliopsis spec. 1 (near ephippiatus )

E. ephippiatus is known only from Northern Tanzania and southern Kenya. Its type locality ( Ugono in Tanzania) could not be localized by Glenn (1991), but refers to a mountain range now more commonly called North Pare Mountains (formerly Ugweno Mts.) .

When analyzing the songs it turned out that here two species exist, mainly differing in song (see below). Enyaliopsis ephippiatus has song type A, Enyaliopsis sp. 1 (near ephippiatus ) song type B. Both song morphs are similar in titillator shape but differ in geographic range, morph A more northern than morph B. E. near ephippiatus from the South Pare Mts, situated adjacent to the North Pare Mts and E. ephippiatus from the North Pares and the Mt Kilimanjaro area are morphologically very similar. However, male specimens of E. ephippiatus have a narrower pronotum than E. near ephippiatus males. Females of E. ephippiatus are generally larger but more slenderly built than females of E. sp. 1 (near ephippiatus ).

Reference: Hemp 2021

Material examined: Song type A: 2 males [CH7737 (SR, SF), 1 male ( TI)], TANZANIA, Rau Forest near Moshi, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, 3° 22’ 32.4“S, 37° 21’ 48.1”E, 1 iii – 15 iv 2014, leg. C. Hemp ; 2 males [ CH 7848 (SR, CHR), CH 7850 (SR, CHR)] , 1 female [CH7849 ( CHR)], TANZANIA, Rau Forest near Moshi, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, 1–31 viii 2014, leg. C. Hemp ; 4 males (SR), TANZANIA, Rau Forest near Moshi, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, November 2021, leg. C. Hemp ; 1 male (SR), 1 male ( TI), TANZANIA, Lembeni, North Pare Mts , Kilimanjaro Region, July 2014, February 2015, leg. C. Hemp ; 1 male ( TI), TANZANIA, Mwanga, North Pare Mts , Kilimanjaro Region, February 2016, leg. C. Hemp.

Song type B: 1 male [CH8670 (SR, SF, CHR)], TANZANIA, Eastern Arc Mountains, South Pare Mts, Mt Vumari, Kilimanjaro Region 1–31 iii 2019, leg. C. Hemp ; 1 male (SR, TI), TANZANIA, South Pare Mts, Mt Mwala , Kilimanjaro Region, 2017, leg. C. Hemp ; 1 male [CH8669 (SR, CHR)], TANZANIA, South Pare Mts, Mt Mwala , Kilimanjaro Region, 1–31 iii 2019, leg. C. Hemp.

Bioacoustics. Tegmina ( Fig. 3 ), stridulatory file ( Table 1 ) and spectrum of the song ( Fig. 6 ) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The file of the holotype (photo in OSF) is very similar to that of a male from group A. The calling song consists of long series of syllables (song type B 3 in Fig. 5 ). These series are often produced in small groups with the first series longer than the following (9 s vs. 4–5-s). The two song types differ in SRR by a factor of about two; 35–45 Hz at 20–24ºC in type A (n = 8 specimens) and 20–24 Hz at 21–25ºC in type B (n = 3 specimens; Fig. 8D, E ; see Table 2 ).

Genitalia. According to Glenn (1991), the titillator of the holotype is lost. All of our four studied males show a slender, relatively long central part of the genitalic sclerites ( Fig. 9D, E ), ending in a blunt tip with a hook on both sides. In general shape, it is thus similar to the other species of the obuncus group (see Glenn 1991), but differs by missing additional tubercles on the tip of the titillator beside the lateral hooks.

Chromosomes. The karyotypes of both species are very similar: 2n = 27 (26 + X0) male and 28 (26 + XX) female, FN = 29/30; pair 1 metacentric, 2–13 and X chromosome acrocentric (4 males, 1 female and 1 male described earlier [ Grzywacz et al. 2015]: CH 7737); thick C-positive in large/medium and thin C-bands in short-sized pairs paracentromeric bands, thick distal C-block in pairs 3, 4 and the X chromosome ( Fig. 12D ).

Figures

FIGURE 3. Left male tegmina of Acanthoplus discoidalis (CH8946), Acanthoproctus cervinus (CH8947), Hetrodes pupus (CHelb8948), Enyaliopsis bloyeti (CH8853), E. carolinus (CH8625), E. ephippiatus (CH7737), E. jennae (damaged; CH8267), Gymnoproctus rammei (CH8763), Eugasteroides loricatus (CH7352), Spalacomimus stettinenesis, S. talpa (CH7354), S. verruciferus (CH7188). Scale 5 mm.

FIGURE 5. Oscillograms of song types in Hetrodini. Song consisting A of long trills (Cosmoderus femoralis CH8627), B of broken trills (including transitions to long echemes; B1 Spalacomimus talpa, B2 Enyaliopsis jennae, B3 Enyaliopsis ephippiatus) or C of regularly repeated echemes (C1 Spalacomimus spec. near verruciferus, C2 Eugaster guyoni). 1-min-sections.

FIGURE 6. Power spectra of male calling songs in Hetrodini species

FIGURE 8. Oscillograms of the calling songs in the genera Cosmoderus and Enyaliopsis (figures of E. iaculator based on figures and data from literature; see text). A Cosmoderus femoratus, B Enyaliopsis bloyeti. C Enyaliopsis carolinus, D Enyaliopsis ephippiatus, song type A, E Enyaliopsis spec. 1 (near ephippiatus), song type B, F Enyaliopsis iaculator, G Enyaliopsis jennae, H Enyaliopsis spec. 2 Mpwapwa. Left column overview (5-s-section), right column detail (250-ms-section).

FIGURE 9. Titillator and genitalic sclerites in Hetrodini, Enyaliopsina. First row A Cosmoderus femoralis (CH8627), B Enyaliopsis bloyeti (Kazimzumbwi), C Enyaliopsis carolinus (Minziro), D Enyaliopsis ephippiatus (Rau Forest); second row E Enyaliopsis spec. 1 near ephippiatus (Mwala), F Enyaliopsis jennae (Uluguru), G Enyaliopsis spec. 2 (Mpwapwa), H Enyaliopsis spec. 3 (East Chenene); third row I Gymnoproctus rammei (Puge Simbo), J Gymnoproctus spec. (East Chenene).

FIGURE 12. Examples of chromosome number and heterochromatin C-banding of mitotic male (A–C, G–K) and mitotic female complements (D), as well as diplotene/diakinesis (C, E, I on the right), and metaphase I (F) for the following Hetrodini taxa: A Cosmoderus femoralis, 2n = 24 + X0 (CH8626), B Enyaliopsis bloyeti, 2n = 28 + X0 (HE114), C Enyaliopsis carolinus, 2n =24 + neo-XY (CH8625), D Enyaliopsis ephippiatus, 2n = 26 + XX (female CH7849), E Enyaliopsis jennae, 2n = 26 + neo- XY (HE87), F Enyaliopsis spec. 2 Mpwapwa, 2n = 26 + X0 (CH8353), G Gymnoproctus rammei, 2n = 26 + X0 (CH8763), H Gymnoproctus spec., 2n = 26 + X0 (CH7953), I Spalacomimus magnus, 2n = 16 + X0 (CH7945), J Spalacomimus verruciferus, 2n = 22 + neo-XY (CH7897), K Spalacomimus spec. near verruciferus, 2n = 22 + neo-XY (CH7899). Bi-armed chromosomes (meta/submeta/subacrocentric) are marked with numbers (A, C, D, F–I); in the neo-XY system, sex chromosomes form association in diplotene (C) and metaphase I (I); arrowheads indicate interstitial C-bands in 1 (A, E, J, K) and 2 (I) pairs; asterisks (*) marked distal C-bands in 3, 4, 5 (C), 3, 4 (D), 2-heteromorphic (G, H) pair; X = neo-X and Y = neo-Y sex chromosomes. Scale bar = 10 µm.