Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus 1758)

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Carnivora, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 532-628 : 585

Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus 1758)

[Canis] vulpes Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 40 .

Type Locality: "Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens," restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Sweden (Upsala)." .

Vernacular Names: Red Fox.

Subspecies: :

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. vulpes Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. abietorum Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. alascensis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. alpherakyi Satunin 1906

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. anatolica Thomas 1920

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. arabica Thomas 1902

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. atlantica Wagner 1841

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. bangsi Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. barbara Shaw 1800

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. beringiana Middendorff 1875

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. cascadensis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. caucasica Dinnik 1914

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. crucigera Bechstein 1789

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. daurica Ognev 1931

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. deletrix Bangs 1898

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. dolichocrania Ognev 1926

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. dorsalis J. E. Gray 1838

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. flavescens J. E. Gray 1843

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. fulvus Desmarest 1820

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. griffithi Blyth 1854

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. harrimani Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. hoole Swinhoe 1870

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. ichnusae Miller 1907

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. indutus Miller 1907

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. jakutensis Ognev 1923

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. japonica J. E. Gray 1868

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. karagan Erxleben 1777

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. kenaiensis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. kurdistanica Satunin 1906

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. macroura Baird 1852

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. montana Pearson 1836

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. necator Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. niloticus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. ochroxantha Ognev 1926

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. palaestina Thomas 1920

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. peculiosa Kishida 1924

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. pusilla Blyth 1854

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. regalis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. rubricosa Bangs 1898

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. schrenckii Kishida 1924

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. silacea Miller 1907

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. splendidissima Kishida 1924

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. stepensis Brauner 1914

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. tobolica Ognev 1926

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. tschiliensis Matschie 1907

Distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Geogria, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, North and South Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA (Alaska, throughout most of the contiguous 48 states except central plains and SW deserts), Uzbekistan, Vietnam. Introduced to Australia ( Corbet and Hill, 1980).

Conservation: CITES – Appendix III ( India) as V. vulpes griffithi , V. v. montana and V. v. pusilla ; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).

Discussion: Reviewed by Larivière and Pasitschniak (1996). Synonyms allocated according to Larivière and Pasitschniak (1996).