Muhlenbergia ligularis (Hack.) Hitchc., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8):388. 1927.

Peterson, Paul M., Vega, Isidoro Sanchez, Romaschenko, Konstantin, Giraldo-Canas, Diego & Rodriguez, Nancy F. Refulio, 2018, Revision of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae) in Peru: classification, phylogeny, and a new species, M. romaschenkoi, PhytoKeys 114, pp. 123-206 : 154

11. Muhlenbergia ligularis (Hack.) Hitchc., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8):388. 1927. Fig. 8F-J

Sporobolus ligularis Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 52(2):57. 1902. Type: Ecuador, Pichincha, 23 Jan 1899, Sodiro s.n. (holotype: W; isotypes: BAA-2905! ex W, US-3274313! ex W, US-1163183!).

Muhlenbergia calcicola Swallen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29(9):407. 1950. Type: Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Chemal, Sierra de los Chuchumatanes, 3300 m, 31 Dec 1940, P.C. Standley 81703 (holotype: US-1910686!; isotypes: F-1200274 [image!], US-2236500US!).

Muhlenbergia breviculmis Swallen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29(9):408. 1950. Type: Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Cerro Chemalito, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 3.5 mi W of Santa Eulalia , 3100-3150 m, 2 Aug 1942, J.A. Steyermark 49905 (holotype: US-1935054!; isotypes: F, US-2208654!).

Muhlenbergia minuscula H. Scholz, Willdenowia 14:393. 1984. Type: Bolivia, Canton Ulla-Ulla, Pampa von Ulla-Ulla, Apolobamba Cordillera, 4450 m, 26 Feb 1983, Menhofer 1974 (holotype: B!; isotype: LPB-0000293 [image!]).

Description.

Loosely tufted annuals to short-lived perennials. Culms 2-12 cm tall, 0.2-0.4 mm diameter just below the panicle, erect or decumbent, slender, glabrous, sometimes flowering the first year, up to 15 cm broad, dying in the centre, profusely branched below, a short branchlet with fascicled leaves borne at each node, with 4-6 nodes; internodes 2-20 mm long. Leaf sheaths 2-20 mm long, generally shorter than the internodes, glabrous, ridged, flattened by the densely fascicled branches; ligules 0.6-2.5 mm long, membranous to hyaline, apex truncate to rounded; blades 0.3-2.2 cm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide, flat or folded, prominently veined, thick, firm, usually with whitish-thickened midvein and margins, conspicuously crystalline or spiculate on both surfaces, otherwise glabrous below, sparsely scaberulous above and along margins, tapering to a boat shaped tip. Panicles 1.0-3.0 cm long, 0.3-1.4 cm wide, long exserted or included in the uppermost sheath, loosely contracted; branches 5-9 mm long, one per node, appressed or reflexed at maturity up to 70° from the culm axis; pedicels 1-3 mm long, stiff, densely scabrous, spiculate, erect. Spikelets 1.5-3.0 mm long, often plumbeous to reddish-purple; glumes 1.0-1.9 mm long, subequal, glabrous, apex acute to obtuse, often minutely erose, greenish-grey; lower glumes 1.0-1.7 mm long, 1-veined; upper glumes 1.1-1.9 mm long, 1-veined or occasionally 3-veined; lemmas 1.5-3.0 mm long, lanceolate, 3-veined, keeled, glabrous, mottled with greenish-black areas or dark greenish mottles on a pale background, apex minutely scaberulous, acuminate, entire or mucronate; mucro rarely more than 1 (-1.2) mm long; paleas 1.4-2.9 mm long, lanceolate, glabrous; anthers 0.8-1.1 mm long, purplish becoming pale. Caryopses 0.8-1.2 mm long, elliptic to fusiform, brownish.

Distribution.

This species ranges from Guatemala and Costa Rica ( Pohl 1980, at Chirripo Grande) to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Argentina.

Ecology.

Muhlenbergia ligularis occurs in grassy flats, moist depressions, wet meadows, gravelly banks, ridgetops and gravelly roadsides often derived from calcarious subtrates associated with Achnatherum , Aciachne , Agrostis , Alnus , Anatherostipa , Baccharis , Berberis , Bidens , Buddleya , Caiophora , Calamagrostis , Carex , Colletia spinosissima J.F. Gmel., Eleocharis , Festuca , Gaultheria , Hypericum , Jarava , Juncus , Lepidophyllum , Lupinus , Margyricarpus , Muhlenbergia spp., Nassella , Cenchrus clandestinus , Plantago , Poa , Puya , Rumex , Salvia and Senecio ; 2320-4650 m. Flowering September through January in Central America and February to July in Peru or when moisture is available.

Comments.

Muhlenbergia ligularis is morphologically similar to M. fastigiata and can be separated from the latter by possessing flat leaf blades, 0.8-1.5 mm wide and a rather loosely tufted habit without wiry creeping rootstocks and scaly rhizomes. Morphologically, M. ligularis differs from M. caxamarcensis in having glabrous lemmas (sericious hairs on lower 1/2-3/4 in the latter).

Molecular DNA sequence analysis indicates M. ligularis falls within M. subg. Bealia and is polyphyletic (Fig. 1A ). Perhaps, cryptic speciation followed by morphological convergence has occurred within M. ligularis , also suggested in Ehrharta Thund. and Eriochrysis P. Beauv. ( Verboom et al. 2003; Welker et al. 2016).

Specimens examined.

Peru. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 1.5 km al SW of Chachapoyas, 2320 m, 24 May 1962, J.J. Wurdack 504 (US, USM); Ancash: Huaraz, Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Rajucolta, 77°22'W, 9°32'S, 4000 m, 17 Apr 1986, D.N. Smith, R. Valencia, M. Buddensiek 12192 (CPUN, MO); S of Huaraz, 28 km from Pachacoto towards La Union, 4500 m, 6 Apr 1988, S.A. Renvoize & S. Lægaard 5118 (CPUN, K); Huari, Cordillera Blanca, 24 km N of Huari on road towards San Luis, 3820 m, 22 Mar 1997, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 13871 (MO, US, USM); Huascarán. National Park, Quebrada Pachachaca, a lateral valley of Quebrada Rurichinchay, 77°16'W, 9°77'S, 3700 m, 12 Jun 1986, D.N. Smith, A. Gonzales & D. Maldonado 12562 (CPUN, MO); Prov. Pallasca, Hacienda Chalan, Mar 1949, A. Tito Ureña 7 (MOL); Recuay, Cordillera Blanca, 37 km E of Raquia on Route 02-014 on road towards Huarez, 3900 m, 20 Mar 1997, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 13816 (US, USM); 2 km SW of Conococha on Ruta 02-014. 10°8'18.2"S, 77°18'5.4"W, 4107 m, 21 Mar 2004, P.M. Peterson, N. Refulio Rodriguez, A. Cano, M. La Torre & I. Salinas 17902 (MO, US, USM); 3 km E of Conococha, 10°6'55.5"S, 77°16'20.2"W, 4050 m, 24 Mar 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 17935 (MO, US, USM); Cordillera Negra, E slope of Cerro Pullicharca (Purac), ca. 1.5 km W of hwy 109 and then 3.6 km S of Tapacocha along Rio Santa, 9°55'39.4"S, 77°23'45.3"W, 3822 m, 9 Mar 2008, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng, M. La Torre & J. Rojas Fox 21513 (US, USM); Cordillera Negra, 30 km from Huaraz towards Casma, Punta Callán, 4200 m, 7 Apr 1988, S.A. Renvoize & S. Lægaard 5162 (CPUN, K); Sihaus, 31 km N of Pomabamba on road towards Sihaus, 3780 m, 24 Mar 1997, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 13906 (MO, US, USM); Quebrada Huanca, 77°23'W, 9°55'S, 3950 m, 2 Jul 1985, D.N. Smith & M. Buddensiek 10970 (CPUN, MO); Yungay, W slope of Cordillera Blanca, Rio at E end of Lago Llanganuco, ca. 29 km ENE of new city of Yungay, Parque Nacional Huascaran, Sector Llanganuco, 9°4'8.9"S, 77°38'25.2"W, 3663 m, 16 Mar 2008, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng, M. La Torre & J. Rojas Fox 21747 (US, USM); W slope of Cordillera Blanca on road to pass E of Lago Llanganuco and Yanama, ca. 37 km ENE of new city of Yungay, Parque Nacional Huascaran, Sector Llauganuco, 9°3'16.6"S, 77°35'57.6"W, 3931 m, 16 Mar 2008, P M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng, M. La Torre & J. Rojas Fox 21758 (US, USM); 37 km E of Yungay, 4200 m, 5 Apr 1988, S.A. Renvoize & S. Lægaard 5080 (CPUN, K). Apurimac: Aymaraes, 25 km NE of Chalhuanca on road towards Yanaca, at Paseo., 14°15'30.6"S, 73°12'6.9"W, 4300 m, 13 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 16504 (US, USM). Arequipa: Caylloma, 15 km SE of Callalli on road towards Condoroma, 15°28'14"S, 71°22'26.9"W, 4610 m, 12 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18279 (MO, US, USM). Ayacucho: Huamanga, S of Ayacucho ca. 45 km on Hwy 3 toward Abancay, 13°20'27"S, 74°9'34.7"W, 4207 m, 16 Mar 2007, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng, K. Romashchenko & D. Susanibar Cruz 20522 (US, USM); 68 km SW of Ayacucho on road towards Pisco, 13°20'5"S, 74°36'36.7"W, 4045 m, 22 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 16659 (US, USM); Lucanas, 2 km SW of Putajasa, 14°8'15.9"S, 74°11'18.4"W, 3900 m, 24 Feb 2002, P.M. Peterson, A. Cano, M. La Torre, A. Ramírez & D. Susanibar Cruz 16225 (US, USM); 25 km E of Puquio on road towards Cusco, 14°37'40.3"S, 74°2'19.1"W, 4150 m, 12 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 16454 (US, USM); 25 km NE of Villatambo on road towards Lucanas at Reserva "Pampa Galeras". 14°40'46.2"S, 74°23'59.2"W, 3805 m, 8 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18179 (US, USM); 13 km E of Puquio at km 172 mark, 14°41'18.5"S, 74°4'26.8"W, 3730 m, 8 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18214 (MO, US, USM); Parinacochas, along arroyo near small rio above (north) of Laguna Parinacochas, 15 °14'41"S, 73°44'20.3"W, 3300 m, 1 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson, M. La Torre, A. Ramírez & D. Susanibar Cruz 16326 (US, USM). Cajamarca: Cajamarca, 21 km W of Central Plaza of Cajamarca at Cumbemayo (take Avenida Peru), 3600 m, 31 Mar 1997, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 14014 (MO, US, USM); Cumbe Mayo, subiendo el curso del canal, 3500 m, 20 Mar 1988, I. Sánchez Vega 4692 (CPUN); Cumbe Mayo, west of Cajamarca. growing in seeping water, 3600 m, 27 Mar 1988, S.A. Renvoize, S. Lægaard & I. Sánchez Vega 4997 (CPUN, K).Cordillera Comullca, 57 km. from Cajamarca on road to Celendín,“Jalca” páramo, 3600 m, 26 Mar 1988, S.A. Renvoize & S. Lægaard 4964 (CPUN, K); Pampa de Guanico, ruta a Guagal, 17 May 1973, 3500 m, I. Sánchez Vega.1145 & J. Tejada Mayta (CPUN); desvío a Guagal, ruta a Celendín, 2700 m, 17 May 1977, I. Sánchez Vega 2027, W. Ruiz V. & J. Sánchez Vega.(CPUN); Dist. La Encañada. Cerro Negro, extremo SE de las pampas de Cerro Negro, 3480 m, 19 Jul 2003, M. Cabanillas Soriano 1548, M. Cabanillas Medina & M. Sánchez Montoya (CPUN); entre Cajamarca y La Encañada, 2700 m, 22 May 1974, I. Sánchez Vega 1302 & W. Ruiz Vigo (CPUN); Dist. La Encañada, Pampas de Cerro Negro, 3540 m, 12 Jul 2003, M. Cabanillas Soriano 1501, M. Cabanillas Medina & M. Sánchez Montoya (CPUN); Cajamarca to Bambamarca, on side road to Chugur, 88 km from Cajamarca, just below first mine, 3700 m, 20 Mar 1988, S.A. Renvoize, S. Lægaard & I. Sánchez Vega 4822 (CPUN, K); Las lagunas, 50 km from Cajamarca on road to Bambamarca, 4000 m, 29 Mar 1988, S.A. Renvoize & S. Lægaard 5030 (CPUN, K); Dist Cajamarca. Pampa Larga, al N de Yancocha, 3900 m, 14 May 1994, I. Sánchez Vega 7135, Homero Bazán & Alfonso Miranda (CPUN); Micuypampa, 62 km from Cajamarca towards Celendin, 2600 m, 26 Mar 1988, S.A. Renvoize & S. Lægaard 4963 (CPUN, K);Celendin, S of Cajamarca-Celendin Hwy, E of pass between provincia borders and ca. 11 km along road to Huagal, vic. La Honda, 7°5'15.6"S, 78°11'39.9"W, 3525 m, 28 Mar 2008, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng & J. Montoya Quino 21912 (US, USM); San Miguel, 61 km N of Cajamarca on Hwy 3N towards Bambamarca, 3640 m, 16 Mar 2000, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 14915 (CPUN, MO, US, USM); San Pablo, 33 km NW of Cajamarca on road towards San Pablo via Porcon, 3510 m, 14 Mar 2000, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 14876 (CPUN, MO, US, USM). Cusco: Calca, 26 km E of Pisac on road to Colquepata, 13°23'2.1"S, 71°44'46.9"W, 4120 m, 18 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 16602 (US, USM); Canchis, Dist. Marangani, Lay Raya, 14.46666S 71.016666W, 7 May 2003, L. Valenzuela, J. Farfán, I. Huamantupa, E. Suclli, & H. Coasaca 1970 (MO); Cusco, Sacsaihuamán, 3600 m, Apr 1944, C. Vargas C. 4167 (US); Espinar, alrededores de Yauri, 3900 m, 26 Mar 1956, C. Vargas C. 11213 (US); Espinar, Hda. C’achachi, 4200 m, 20 Mar 1956, C. Vargas C. 11160 (US); Paucartambo, 21 km NE of Paucartambo on road to Tres Cruces., 13°11'54.8"S, 71°38'40.5"W, 3460 m, 18 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 16621 (US, USM); 1 km E of Mirador Tres Cruces and 35 km N of Paucartambo, 13°8'11.6"S, 71°37'40.3"W, 3625 m, 19 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 16639 (US, USM); Quispicanchi, 23 km up new Hwy 28 from Urcos to Ccatcca (Catsa), ESE of Cusco ca. 45 air km, 13°39'39.5"S, 71°35'29.7"W, 4080 m, 19 Mar 2007, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng & K. Romashchenko 20564 (US, USM); Vilacabamba, Paltaybamba, Ayangate, 13.0494444S 72.7208334W, 2300 m, 10 Jun 2002, L. Valenzuela, E. Suclli, I. Huamantupa & F. Carazas 225 (MO). Huancavelica: Castrovirreyna, 30 km SW of Huancavelica along Rio Pucapampa, 12°56'10"S, 75°5'57.2"W, 4510 m, 8 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson & O. Tovar 16399 (US, USM); Castrovirreyna, Choclococha, 4500 m, 5 May 1958, O. Tovar 2907 (US, USM); Castrovirreyna, Choclococha, 4700 m, 3 May 1958, O. Tovar 2854 (US, USM); 3 km S of Astobamba on road towards Pucapampa, 12°58'47.7"S, 75°5'27.4"W, 4540 m, 4 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18118 (MO, US, USM); 4 km S of Choclococha and 8 km N of Santa Ines, 13°10'44"S, 75°5'15.3"W, 4615 m, 5 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18145 (MO, US, USM); Huancavelica, 56 km S of Izacuchaca on road towards Huancavelica, 4020 m, 10 Apr 1997, P.M. Peterson & O. Tovar 14157 (US, USM);15 km NE of Huancavelica above Sachapite, 4100 m, 10 Apr 1997, P.M. Peterson & O. Tovar 14171 (US, USM); 12 km S of Huancavelica on road towards Santa Barbara, 4120 m, 11 Apr 1997, P.M. Peterson & O. Tovar 14191 (MO, US, USM); 13 km N of Huancavelica on road towards Palca, 12°43'9"S, 74°59'11.9"W, 4470 m, 2 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18098 (MO, US, USM); Huaytara, Rio Pampas, along Hwy 3 (old 24) 12 km NW of jct. with new Hwy 24 and 18 km SE of Santa Ines, SE of Pilpichaca, 13°19'24.2"S, 75°00'56.6"W, 4164 m, 13 Mar 2007, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng, K. Romashchenko & D. Susanibar Cruz 20432 (US, USM); Occoro, entre Conaica y Tansiri, 4200 m, 2 Apr 1953, O. Tovar 1195 (US, USM); Occoro, 4200 m, 3 Apr 1953, O. Tovar 1214 (US, USM); Tayacaja, Hda. Alalay entre Mariscal Caceres y Pampas, 3900 m, 13 Apr 1953, O. Tovar 1333 (MO, US, USM); Tayacaja, 2 km E of Acostambo on road towards Izcuchaca, 12°22'3.7"S, 75°2'33.3"W, 3350 m, 1 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18087 (US, USM); Tayacaja, Patacancha, Conaica, 4100 m, 8 Apr 1961, O. Tovar 3131 (US, USM); Chascca, cerca a Conaica, 3800 m, 13 May 1956, O. Tovar 2588 (US, USM); Tayacaja, arriba de Hda. Toca, entre Calcabamba y Paucarbamba, 3800 m, 20 Apr 1954, O. Tovar 2021 (US, USM); Urubamba, Piri, 2860 m, 15 May 1948, C. Vargas C. 7208 (US). Junin: Junin, SE shore of Lago Chinchay Cocha (Junin) and 8 km S of Huayre, 4110 m, 7 Apr 1997, P.M. Peterson & O. Tovar 14097 (MO, US, USM); Tarma, Hacienda Casa Blanca, 18 air km SSE of Tarma, 4000 m, 27 Nov 1962, H.H. Iltis, C.M. Iltis, D. Ugent & V. Ugent s.n. (US); Yanli, La Oroya, 11°32'S, 75°53'W, 3700 m, 7 Jan 1983, D.N. Smith 2974 (MO, US); Yanli, Marcapomacocha, 4800 m, O. Velarde 8751 (US, USM). La Libertad: Bolivar, E side of Cerro Salumpuy, between Laplat and Unamen, WSW of Unamen, ca. 8 air km NW of Bolivar, 7°7'39.2"S, 77°46'9.9"W, 3390 m, 30 Mar 2008, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng & J. Montoya Quino 21946 (US, USM); Pataz, cueva de Manachaqui, Parque Nacional Río Abiceo, 3600 m, 28 Feb 1998, B. León & K. Young 1116. (MO, USM); Santiago de Chuco, 23 km SW of Huamachuco on road towards Alto de Tamboras and Pampas, 3540 m, 29 Mar 1997, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Refulio 13966 (MO, US, USM). Lambayeque: Ferrenafe, 3300 m, 12 Sep 1985, A. Sagástegui A., D. Skillman, J. Mostacero L. & L. Ramírez V. 12812 (MO); Laguna Tembladera, Uyurpampa, 3320 m, 25 Aug 1993, S. Llatas Quiroz 3359 (MO). Pasco: Pasco, 4 km NE of Huayllay on road towards Canchacucho, 10°58'20.8"S, 76°19'18"W, 4160 m, 31 Mar 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18067 (MO, US, USM); plains ca. 8 km W of NW arm of Laguna de Junin, S side of Rio Colorado and E of new Hwy and railroad tracks, 12 km NE of Huayllay on Hwy 18, 10°55'51.9"S, 76°18'8.6"W, 4141 m, 5 Mar 2007, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng & K. Romashchenko 20314 (US, USM). Piura: Ayabaca, Ruinas de Aypate, 2700 m, 21 May 1996, V. Quipuzcoa S. 544, O. Angulo Z. & R. Yahuana R. (HAO, MO); Huancabamba, 23 km E of Sondor on road towards Tabaconas, 2740 m, 31 Mar 2000, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 15133 (CPUN, MO, US, USM). Puno: Abra la Raya, along railroad between Santa Rosa and Marangani, 4300 m, 18 May 1985, J.C. Solomon 2920 (MO); Azangaro, Checayani, NE of Azangaro, 3900 m, 27 Mar 1957, H. Ellenberg 426 (US); Chuquibambilla, Florez 13 (WS); Granja Salcedo, Apr 1936, J. Sonkup 112 (US); Cerro Santa Barbara, 3700 m, 15 May 1958, O. Tovar 3071 (US, USM); Huerta, N of Puno, 3900 m, 22 Mar 1957, H. Ellenberg 242 (US); Pucará, Pampa, 3890 m, Apr 1964, A. Vera 105 (COL); alrededores de Puno, 3870 m, 16 Apr 1965, A. Vera 204 (COL); quebrada en los alrededores de Puno, 3850 m, 1 Oct 1965, A. Vera 340 (COL); Chucuito, 3 km NE of Zepita on road towards Copani, 3820 m, 5 Mar 1999, P.M. Peterson, N. Refulio Rodriguez & F. Salvador Perez 14633 (US, USM); 2 km S of Huacullani, 4000 m, 6 Mar 1999, P.M. Peterson, N. Refulio Rodriguez & F. Salvador Perez 14659 (MO, US, USM); Lampa, NW end of Laguna Lagunillas, 20 air km W of Santa Lucia, N and S sides of new Hwy 30 to Arequipa, 74 air km WSW of Juliaca, 15°41'1.7"S, 70°48'5.4"W, 4185 m, 31 Mar 2007, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng, K. Romashchenko & M.S. Gonzalez Elizondo 20735 (US, USM); Melgar, ca. 7 km WNW of Santa Rosa on Hwy 3 and 1 km W toward Quishuara, along Rio Santa Rosa, 14°35'54.9"S, 70°51'34.7"W, 4002 m, 23 Mar 2007, P.M. Peterson, R.J. Soreng & K. Romashchenko 20606 (US, USM); Puno, 2 km N of Laraquerion road towards Puno, 16°6'59.1"S, 70°1'59.1"W, 3940 m, 18 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18328 (MO, US, USM); San Roman, 21 km W of Santa Lucia and 5 km E of Puente Cañuma (Laguna Lagunillas), 15°40'4.1"S, 70°47'4.4"W, 4260 m, 20 Apr 2004, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 18345 (MO, US, USM). San Martín: Mariscal Caceres, 7°00'01"S, 77°00'3"W, 3350 m, 18 Jul 1987, K. Young & B. León 4793 (MO, USM).

Figures

Figure 1. A, B Maximum-likelihood tree inferred from combined plastid (ndhA intron, rps 16 - trnK, rps 16 intron, rps 3, and rpl 32 - trnL) and ITS sequences. Thick branches indicate posterior probabilities of 0.95 - 1; species in red occur in South America; scale bar = 2 %.

Figure 8. A-E Muhlenbergia fastigiata (J. Presl) Henrard A habit B ligule C glumes D floret E stamens and pistil F-J Muhlenbergia ligularais (Hack.) Hitchc F habit G ligule H glumes I floret J stamens and pistil. Drawings from Giraldo-Canas and Peterson (2009), Peterson and Giraldo-Canas (2011) A-E drawn from P. M. Peterson, S. Laegaard, R. J. Soreng & C. R. Annable 12709 (US) F-J drawn from P. M. Peterson, S. Laegaard, R. J. Soreng & C. R. Annable 12684 (US).