Diastolinus clathratus ( Fabricius, 1792 )

Hart, Charles J. & Ivie, Michael A., 2016, A Revision of the Genus Diastolinus Mulsant and Rey (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), The Coleopterists Bulletin 70 (3), pp. 485-540 : 485-540

Diastolinus clathratus ( Fabricius, 1792)

( Figs. 1–7 , 105 )

Blaps clathrata Fabricius 1792: 109 (type locality: St. Croix ).

Diastolinus clathratus ; Mulsant and Rey 1859: 74, 1860: 138 (Amérique méridional); Gebien 1938: 294 [413] (Cayenne, mistake); Blackwelder 1945: 524 ( French Guiana, mistake); Marcuzzi 1957: 128 (in part, St. Croix records only), 1962: 27 (in part, St. Croix records only), 1977: 13 (in part, St. Croix records only), 1984: 77 (in part, St. Croix records only), 2001:250 (in part, St. Croix records only), Marcuzzi and D’ Aguilar 1971: 80 (in part, St. Croix records only); Soldati and Touroult 2014: 99 (in part, St. Croix records only).

Diastolinus (Diastolinus) clathratus ; Marcuzzi 1986: 179.

Diastolinus sallei ; Marcuzzi 1957: 128 (in part, St. Croix records only).

Diastolinus perforatus ; Marcuzzi 1962: 27 (in part, St. Croix records only), 1977: 19 (in part, St. Croix records only), 1984: 78 (in part, St. Croix records only), 2001: 249 (in part. St. Croix records only); Marcuzzi and D’ Aguilar 1971: 80 (in part, St. Croix records only); Peck 2011a: 33 (in part, St. Croix records only), 2011b: 29 (in part, St. Croix records only), 2016: 160 (in part, St. Croix records only); Peck et al. 2014: 84 (in part, St. Croix records only); Soldati and Touroult 2014: 99 (in part, St. Croix records only).

Type Material. Fabricius (1792) did not indicate the number of specimens he used in his description, therefore, a lectotype is required. Lectotype in ZMUC (examined), here designated, is a male specimen ( Fig. 2 ) bearing the labels “ clathratus ” in Fabricius’ hand and “ZMUC000 22787” ( Fig. 6 ).

Other Material Examined. See Appendix 1.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species by the combination of the shiny, glossy elytra with the humeral angles wider than the posterior width of the pronotum and some confluent strial punctures.

Redescription. Male. Length 7.2–9.2 mm, width 3.3–4.3 mm. Body ( Fig. 1 ) black, except last 3 antennomeres testaceous, sometimes last antennomere almost golden (dependent on preservation); elytral and ventral surface shiny, head and pronotum matte; ovate-oblong; widest at middle, moderately convex; scattered white to golden setae typically short (at least dorsally).

Head ( Fig. 2 ) with epistoma evenly convex; punctures subequal to diameter of ommatidium, covering dorsal surface, evenly spaced, separated by 1–2X puncture diameters; setae 2X longer than puncture diameter. Labrum densely punctate. Antennae clavate. Dorsal and ventral portions of eye roughly equal in size and shape. Gular horns short, not prominent.

Pronotum ( Figs.1, 4 ) widened posteriorly; apical margin evenly, broadly emarginate; apical corners rounded, lateral margin widened from apex in anterior 2/5, then sides nearly parallel to base; basal width subequal to width across humeri; basal margin bisinuate; dorsal surface broadly, evenly convex; all margins narrowly beaded, except obsolete at middle of anterior margin; minutely punctate, puncture diameter 1/2 that of punctures on head, spaced 2–4X puncture diameter on pronotal disc; setae typically rubbed off pronotal disc, fine, light colored setae typically 2X puncture diameter in length remain at least laterally. Hypomeron feebly rugulose, punctate shallowly and sparsely. Prosternal process tonguelike, punctate, with yellowish semi-erect setae at least 2X longer than puncture diameter.

Scutellum ( Fig. 4 ) small, triangular, slightly wider than long. Elytron ( Fig. 1 ) gradually broadening from base to widest point opposite abdominal ventrite 1, then evenly arcuate to apices; striae heavily impressed; strial punctures deep and sometimes confluent; intervals convex, punctation minute, even. Stria 7 ( Fig. 2 ) ending in lateral stria slightly posterior to humeral angle.

Mesoventrite somewhat rugulose. Metaventrite ( Fig. 2 ) short, punctate on anterior border behind mesocoxae.

Leg ( Fig. 2 ) surfaces setose and finely punctate. Protibia narrow, expanding gradually in distal 2/3; dorsolateral margin nearly straight; posteroventral surface with stout spines in apical 2/3; apex obliquely truncate, ringed by stout spines. Protarsus with tarsomeres 1–3 expanded, ventrally with golden, densely setose pads, tarsomere 2 widest, more than 2X width of tarsomere 4. Mesotarsus with tarsomeres 1–3 weakly expanded, ventrally with densely setose pads. Metatarsus narrow, about 2/3 as long as metatibia, without setose pads; 1 st tarsomere more than 2X length of 2 nd.

Abdominal ventrites finely punctate; ventrites 1–3 slightly concave medially; anterior border of ventrite 1, just behind hind coxae, with row of heavy punctures extending onto intercoxal process; ventrites 2 and 3 laterally with row of heavy punctures on anterior edge, indistinct on medial concavity; ventrite 5 flattened medially, posterior margin evenly rounded. Aedeagus ( Figs. 3, 7 ) with basal piece and parameres strongly arched, less than 1/3 elytral length; parameres widest basally, narrowed apically; parameres with straight lateral margin, chisel-like, not undulate or with upturned tips in lateral view.

Female. Length 7.2–10.6 mm, width 4.5– 5.3 mm. Similar to male except body typically larger, more robust than male. Pro- and mesotarsi not expanded. Abdominal ventrites 1–3 slightly convex or flattened medially; ventrite 5 slightly convex.

Biology. Adults, at least females, seem to be present year round (label records from every month except April and December). Adults have been recorded from deciduous litter, litter under cactus and bromeliads, beach litter, beach wrack, and under trash. They have been collected at night on the ground as well as from flight intercept traps (FIT) and Berlese samples. Specimens have been found at elevations ranging 0–106 m above sea level.

Distribution. St. Croix, Buck Is.* (STX, WIBF) ( Fig. 105 ).

Discussion. This is the oldest, and type, species in Diastolinus . Its nomenclatural history has been clouded by misidentifications, both using this name for populations that are not conspecific and using other names for this species. The synonymical tables record these misadventures, mostly by or resulting from work by Marcuzzi. Our findings are that this is a single-bank endemic of the St. Croix Bank, and all other records for this species are moved to other species.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project is the culmination of more than 30 years of field work and assembling museum material. The collaborators all across the world are too numerous to list here, and we are grateful for all of their efforts. John Doyen and Richard S. Miller were especially generous, donating their West Indian material to the WIBF. Special thanks to Maxwell Barclay, Doug Yanega, Patrice Bouchard, Neal Evenhuis, and Frank Krell for nomenclatural advice. Ken Puliafico provided photographss of the holotype of D. clathratus ( Figs. 2, 6 ). Thanks to Johannes Bergsten for photographing the D. tibidens holotype ( Figs. 61, 62 ). The project would not have been possible without the help of all of the curators and collection managers (listed in the Material and Methods section) that processed our loan requests. Frank Etzler, Vinicius Ferreira, and Amy Dolan provided much support and fruitful discussions. Thanks to Kevin O’ Neill and Matt Lavin for the helpful feedback on drafts of this document. Rolf Aablu reviewed an earlier version of the manuscript and provided helpful comments. This paper is based on a Master of Science (Entomology) thesis at Montana State University (CJH) and is a contribution of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.

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(Received 23 May 2016; accepted 24 July 2016. Publication date 21 September 2016.)

APPENDIX 1 Other (Non-Type) Material Examined

Diastolinus clathratus (Fabricius)

F5018; St. Croix, V.I.; III. 1. 1925 (2 AMNH). F5012; St. Croix, V.I.; II. 26. 1925 (4 AMNH) . F5021; St. Croix, V.I.; III. 4. 1925 (2 AMNH). F5016; St. Croix, V.I.; II. 28. 1925 (1 AMNH). F5148F; St. Croix, V.I.; IV. 7. 1925 (3 AMNH). F5149F; St. Croix, V.I.; IV. 8. 1925 (1 AMNH). St. Croix / Diastolinus ; clathratus F. (1 NHMB). Mus. Western/ American; Isles; clathratus Fabr. (2 ZMUC). St. Croix; Eqqers. (2 ZMUC). St. Croix/ Mus. Western/ Clathra; tus Fab.; St. Croix/ Diastoli; nus; Mulsant (1 ZMUC). Crawford Exp. St. Croix; W.I.; 1904-156/ Diastolinus ; perfortus (1 BMNH). 612; St. Croix/ Brit. Mus.; 1973-207/ Diastolinus ; clathratus / Agrees with photo in; Marcuzzi 1962 plate I.; M.J.D. Brendell 1975 (1 BMNH). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Christiansted; Spring Gut; 15 FEB 1983, J. A. Yntema; under trash (34 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Cotton Garden; 02MAR1995 (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 340 ft; 08 FEB- 01 MAR 1994; J. Keularts colr.; flt. Int. trap #15 (2 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Cotton Grove; East End; 02 MAY 1995; M.A. Ivie colr (2 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. La Pres Vallee; 200 ft, 03 OCT 1987; M.A. Ivie, litter; under large trees (2 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. A Piece of Land; East End, 09JAN1993; VIBFP colrs (14 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Jerusalem &; Figtree Hill, MARCH; 1993. B.Wilhelm col (3 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. A Piece of Land; NW of Pt. Udall; 11JAN1993, R.S. Miller; on beach (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. A Piece of Land; NW of Pt. Udall; 11JAN1993, D.S. Sikes; wrack & beach litter (11 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Butler Bay Beach; 10JAN1993, s.l.; D.S. Sikes colr.; beach wrack (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain, upper; Fountain Valley, 350ft; 07JAN1993. R.S. Miller; on ground at night (5 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Estate Cotton Garden; nr. S.E.T.I. Station; 11JAN1993. D.S. Sikes; grass/xeric litter (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Estate Cotton Garden; S.E.T.I. Station; 11JAN1993. D.S. Sikes; deciduous litter (3 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Estate Cotton Garden; S.E.T.I. Station; 12JAN1993. at night; D.S. Sikes colr (5 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Estate Cotton Garden; S.E.T.I. Station; 12JAN1993. R.S.Miller; night collecting (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Cotton Garden; nr. Sugarloaf Hill; 11JAN1993, D.S. Sikes (9 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 350 ft; 06JAN-23FEB1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #15 (3 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 350 ft; 23FEB- 17MAR1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #15 (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 350 ft; 23MAR-20APR1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #15 (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 350 ft; 20APR - 19MAY1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #15 (2 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 350 ft; 19MAY- 18JUN1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #15 (8 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 350 ft; 18JUNE-19JULY1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #15 (2 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Fountain. 350 ft; 19JULY-23AUG1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #15 (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. North Hall. Creque; Gut. 100ft, 19MAY-18JUN1993; J. Keularts colr.; flt. int. trap #8 (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Carlton. Carlton; Beach. 10JAN1993. s.l.; R.S. Miller & D.S.; Sikes. beach wrack (3 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Stony Ground; Sandy Pt. 10JAN; 1993. at night; D.S. Sikes colr (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Caledonia. 0.7 mi; E. Rt. 63. 10JAN1993; R.S. Miller.beat veg. (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Mt.Roepstorff &; Southgate Farm. s.l.; Chenay Bay, 11JAN1993; R.S. Miller & D.S. Sikes (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: St. Croix; Est. Caledonia. Rt.78; S. of Hams Bluff; 10JAN1993. Litter; D.S. Sikes colr (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 08JAN 1993. general; coll. VIBFP colrs (9 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 08JAN 1993. deciduous; litter. VIBFP colrs (2 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 08–29 JAN 1993; flight intercept#15; 340ft., Z. Hillis (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 01–31MAR 1993; flight intercept#15; 340ft., Z. Hillis (9 WIBF) . VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; JULY-AUGUST 1993; flight intercept#15; 340ft., Z. Hillis (4 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. M.; 27 JULY 1994, 140ft; M.A. Ivie &; Z.M. Hillis; site#14 (5 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; AUG- 08SEP 1994; Z.M. Hillis colr.; flight intercept#14 (15 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N. M.; 08JAN 1993. VIBFP colrs; litter under cactus; and bromeliads (2 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; SEP- 10 OCT 1993; Z.M. Hillis colr.; flight inter. tr.#14 (15 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 08SEP 1994; Z.M. Hillis colr. (8 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; MAY-JUNE 1993; flight inter. tr.#14; 140 ft, Z.M. Hillis colr.; (3 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; Northside, trail; 09 AUG 1996; Z.M. Hillis, F.I.T. (59 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 08NOV1994; flight intercept#15; 340ft., Z.M. Hillis (3 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 30 MAR-29 JUNE 1995; flight intercept#15; 340ft., Z.M. Hillis (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; Buck Is. Reef N.M.; 19JAN-30 MAR 1995; flight intercept#15; 340ft., Z.M. Hillis (4 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; 28 NOV 1995; Z.M. Hillis colr. (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; 28 NOV 1995, F.I.T.; Z.M. Hillis colr. (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; on Ridge Trail; 25 AUG 1995, M.A.; Ivie & M. Dunnington (5 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; trail at 340’; 25 AUG 1995, uv light; Berlese under Bursera (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; 24AUG – 11 OCT 1995; Z.M. Hillis colr.; flight intercept trap (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; 11 OCT 1996; A. C. Poponi colr; F.I.T. (1 WIBF). VIRGIN IS: Buck Is.; B.I. Reef Nat. Mon; North side trail; 23 AUG 1996; A. C. Poponi, F.I.T. (5 WIBF).

Figures

Figs. 1–7. Diastolinus clathratus. 1) Dorsal habitus; 2) Holotype, lateral view; 3) Aedeagus, dorsal view; 4) Humeral angle, dorsal view; 5) Abdominal ventrites; 6) Holotype label; 7) Aedeagus, lateral view.

Fig. 105. Map of the distributions of the “clathratus” species-group of Diastolinus species on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Symbols represent island distributions, not all collection events.

Figs. 61–67. Diastolinus tibidens, holotype. 61) Head and pronotum (Photograph by Johannes Bergsten, NHRS; made available by NHRS under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License CC-BY 4.0); 62) Labels; 63) Dorsal habitus; 64) Fore leg; 65) Abdominal ventrites; 66) Aedeagus, dorsal view; 67) Aedeagus, lateral view.