Liriomyza

Lonsdale, Owen, 2011, The Liriomyza (Agromyzidae: Schizophora: Diptera) of California 2850, Zootaxa 2850 (1), pp. 1-123 : 11-18

Key to the California Liriomyza

1. Scutellum entirely dark, rarely with yellowish tint medially.................................................... 2

- Scutellum distinctly yellow medially...................................................................... 5

2. Orbital plate entirely or predominantly yellow, at most with lateral margin brown. Scape, pedicel, and at least base of first flagellomere yellow. Knees entirely dark. Wing length 1.4–1.6mm. Vein dm-cu sometimes absent. Two rows of acrostichal setulae. Distiphallus with paired ventral tubules that become broader and clear past dark base ( Figs 169, 170 )................................................................................................ L. nigriscutellata Spencer

- Orbital plate dark brown with inner margin sometimes with thin yellow line. Antenna dark, sometimes with first flagellomere entirely yellow. Apices of femora, and sometimes base of tibiae yellowish. Wing length 1.6–2.2mm. Vein dm-cu always present. Four rows of acrostichal setulae. Distiphallus without tubules, or with one pair of dark tubules..................... 3

3. First flagellomere yellow. Scutellum, notopleuron and postpronotum with yellow tint. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 2.7. Surstylus bifid ( Fig. 204 ). Hypophallus broad, plate-like and V-shaped. Distiphallus elongate conical, pale ( Figs 204, 207 )....................................................... L.salpingion spec. nov.

- First flagellomere dark brown. Scutellum dark brown; notopleuron and postpronotum dark brown or yellow. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 2.0–2.3. Surstylus undivided ( Fig. 177 ). Hypophallus thin, or lateral sclerotized region weakly-sclerotized. Distiphallus dark with one pair of long or very short fringed apical structures...... 4

4. Three ori. Notopleuron and postpronotum yellow. Frons distinctly yellow medially, sharply contrasting orbital plate. Apices of femora yellow. Wing length 2.2–2.3mm. Epistoma large and pronounced. Parafacial and orbital plate projecting. Epandrium without spine ( Fig. 133 ). Distiphallus with one pair of long apical tubules ( Fig. 132 ).............. L. lathyroides (Spencer)

- One ori. Notopleuron and postpronotum dark brown, sometimes with small portions slightly yellowish or reddish. Frons mostly brown. Apices of femora dark. Wing length 1.7mm. Epistoma very small and thin. Parafacial and orbital plate very slightly projecting. Epandrium with small dark anterodistal spine. Distiphallus stout with sides parallel past base and apicaly tubules not emerging from surrounding enclosure ( Figs 175, 176 ).............................. L. nigrissima Spencer

5. Scutum yellow immediately in front of scutellum; sometimes yellow with dark stripes.............................. 6

- Scutum brown in front of scutellum with posterolateral corners often yellow....................................... 9

6. Thorax entirely yellow. Paraphallus and hypophallus absent. Distiphallus bifid and not longer than basiphallus ( Fig. 92 ).......................................................................................... L. flavicola Spencer

- Thorax with spots on pleuron and stripes on notum. Paraphallus and hypophallus present. Distiphallus extremely elongate if bifid................................................................................................ 7

7. Four rows of acrostichal bristles. Phallus relatively straight and without basal collar ( Figs 48, 49 ).... L. parabella spec. nov.

- Two rows of acrostichal bristles. Phallus, if with elongate tubules, curved and with minute ventrobasal collar ( Fig. 46 , arrow). .................................................................................................... 8

8. Stripes along dorsocentral rows separate from medial stripe; scutum often with additional posteromedial stripe that sometimes meets anterior stripe. Tibiae, tarsi and base of femora brown. Abdomen brown dorsally. Clypeus dark brown. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 2.7–5.9. Distiphallus short and cup-like; swollen portion of duct long and narrow ( Figs 22, 23 )............................................................... L. admiranda Spencer

- Dorsocentral stripes fused to medial stripe; scutum never with posteromedial stripe. Legs entirely yellow with distal tarsomeres brownish to brown. Female abdomen yellow with oviscape and sometimes mall paired spots on tergites 1 and 6 dark; male abdomen often brown dorsally with complete yellow medial stripe. Clypeus yellow. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 1.9–2.0. Distiphallus extremely long and bifid; swollen portion of duct short and abruptly widened ( Figs 45, 46 )........................................................................ L. bella Spencer

9. Vertical bristles with yellow spot at base if surrounding region brown. Abdomen dark with lateral margin of tergites yellow, with yellow margin very broad and easily viewed dorsally on tergites 1–3 ( Fig. 2 ). If lateral margin of tergites only narrowly yellow, then antenna entirely yellow and legs dark with knees yellow. Wing length usually 2.3–3.5mm, but rarely as small as 1.5mm. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 1.7–2.4. Distiphallus with curved basal stem and apical bowl ( Figs 114 , 164 , 216 ).................................................................... 10

- Region around vertical bristles either entirely yellow or brown spot touching base of bristle(s). Abdomen completely brown or with yellow lateral margin that may become wider posteriorly ( Figs 1, 2 , 4). Remaining characters variable, but wing length usually less than 3.0mm and legs usually much paler (rarely entirely dark). Distiphallus various, but rarely as above and apical bowl never as large as stalk if present (exception being L. abnormis , with large fringes emerging from bowl)............ 12

10. Femora yellow with dorsal base of at least hind femur brown. Clypeus brown to yellow. Wing length 2.0– 2.7mm. Distiphallus thinner, with apical bowl barely wider than basal stem (seen ventrally); without scaled membrane ( Fig. 163 ). Uncommon................................................................................... L. montana Sehgal (in part)

- Femora usually brown with knees yellow, but sometimes more extensively yellow; rarely as above. Clypeus brown. Wing length 1.5–3.5mm. Distiphallus with larger apical bowl...................................................... 11

11. Orbital plate projecting anterodorsally. Surstylus without long apical bristle ( Fig. 113 ). Apical bowl of distiphallus almost as long as straight basal portion of curved stalk ( Fig. 114 ). Uncommon.......................... L. graminaceae Spencer

- Orbital plate not projecting. Surstylus with long apical bristle ( Fig. 214 ). Distiphallus with apical bowl as long as basal stalk; base usually flanked by scaly membrane ( Fig. 216 ). Common.............................. L. septentrionalis Sehgal

12. Pleuron predominantly or entirely dark, at most with dorsal 1/5 of anepisternum and katepisternum yellow; questionable specimens with first flagellomere almost entirely dark. Femora usually entirely dark with tips of femora sometimes variably yellow ( Figs 2, 3 ) or fore femur yellowish distoventrally (Fig. 4). First flagellomere sometimes entirely dark and palpus sometimes brownish........................................................................................... 13

- Pleuron at least with dorsal ¼ of anepisternum yellow ( Figs 1 –4). Femora usually predominantly yellow, sometimes dark with knees variably yellow. First flagellomere infuscated on distal half at most. Palpus yellow (brownish to brown in L. lupini ). 39

13. First flagellomere yellow, at least in part, often with distal half or distal margin infuscated (Fig. 4), but sometimes lightly infuscated with only basal margin yellow. Femora sometimes with yellow mottling on dorsoventral 1/3 or more. Palpus yellow. 14

- First flagellomere entirely brown. Femora dark, sometimes with knees and/or distoventral surface of fore femur yellowish. Palpus usually light brown to brown......................................................................... 31

14. Face distinctly brown, at least medially.................................................................... 15

- Face entirely pale, at most with nearly indescernable brownish tint............................................. 17

15. Venter of gena with faint, sometimes incomplete brownish stripe. Dorsal margin of anepisternum entirely yellow. Distiphallus bifid ( Fig. 130 ). Ejaculatory apodeme relatively small....................................... L. langei Frick (in part)

- Venter of gena with distinct dark stripe. Dorsal margin of anepisternum only yellow anteriorly. Distiphallus entirely united along length. Ejaculatory apodeme well-developed with broad blade............................................ 16

16. First flagellomere entirely pale. Femora predominantly yellow-dark basally and sometimes with dorsal mottling on basal half. Eye 4.0–5.3 times higher than gena. Distiphallus dark and cylindrical ( Fig. 36 ). Surstylus C-shaped ( Fig. 34 )................................................................................................ L. baccharidis Spencer

- First flagellomere apically infuscated, rarely entirely yellow. Femora dark with knees, and often pale streaking or distal half yellow. Eye 3.8–4.0 times higher than gena. Distiphallus pale and flattened-globose ( Figs 136, 137 ). Surstylus simple, linear ( Fig. 133 )...................................................................... L. lupinella Spencer (in part)

17. Vein dm-cu absent.................................................................................... 18

- Vein dm-cu present................................................................................... 19

18. Wing length 1.5mm. Lateral yellow band on scutum fading above wing base. Distiphallus pronounced ventrally and more abruptly widened past base ( Figs 96, 97 ).................................................... L. frickella Spencer

- Wing length 1.2–1.3mm. Yellow lateral band on scutum only with light brownish mottling postsuturally. Distiphallus desclerotized ventrally and only gradually widening past base ( Figs 102, 103 ).............................. L. frigida Spencer

19. First flagellomere infuscated on distal 2/3 or less, sometimes entirely yellow...................................... 20

- First flagellomere brown to light brown with thin yellow margin at base (ie. less than 1/3 length of segment—variable and ambiguous species will key in both directions)............................................................. 26

20. Eye 4.4–5.8 times higher than gena. Distiphallus as in Figs 8, 9 , with apical, basal and ventral surfaces more well-sclerotized, forming weak C-shape in profile................................................... L. sativae Blanchard (in part)

- Eye 2.1–4.2 times higher than gena. Distiphallus not as above................................................. 21

21. Wing length 1.3–1.7mm. Distiphallus undivided. Surstylus with one small to large apical spine. Uncommon............ 22

- Wing length 1.6–2.3mm. Distiphallus usually bifid, rarely flattened-globose. Common. Surstylus with one or two small subapical spines........................................................................................ 23

22. Orbital plate entirely yellow. Femora with extensive dorsal streaking. Surstylus with small subapical tubercle ( Fig. 154 ). Distiphallus as wide as long, with narrow base and slight dorsoventral compression ( Figs 152, 153 ). Mesophallus twice length of distiphallus...................................................................... L. minor Spencer (in part)

- Orbital plate infuscated to base of anterior ors. Streaking on femora limited if present. Surstylus with single long curved apical spine ( Fig. 156 ). Distiphallus and mesophallus widely separated, cylindrical and subequal in size ( Fig. 155 ).................................................................................................. L. monoensis Spencer

23. First flagellomere entirely yellow. Lateral margin of frons dark to level of anterior ori. Distiphallus flattened-globose ( Figs 136, 137 )..................................................................... L. lupinella Spencer (in part)

- First flagellomere often infuscated along anterior margin or uniformly orange to brownish (excluding base), being significantly darker than frons; occasionally as above. Lateral margin of frons usually only darkened to level of anterior ors. Distiphallus bifid............................................................................................... 24

24. Surstylus with two spines ( Fig. 236 ). Paraphallus triangular with apex dark; hypophallus indistinct; basiphallus and mesophallus nearly touching ( Figs 238, 239 ). Femora usually predominantly yellow with base and light dorsal mottling brown, sometimes as below. Only posteroventral margin of gena with thin brownish stripe............. L. trifoliearum Spencer (in part)

- Surstylus with one spine. Paraphallus clear and faint to indistinct; hypophallus long, thin and curved; basiphallus and mesophallus widely separated by membranous space. Femora usually predominantly brown with knees and distoventral surfaces yellow, at least on fore leg, but sometimes as above (paler in most L. huidobrensis and some L. langei ). Ventral margin of gena usually with complete faint brownish band, but sometimes variably faded.................................... 25

25. Two to three rows of acrostichal setulae, sometimes four; usually sparsely arranged. Wing length 1.9–2.6mm (♂), 2.1–2.7mm (♀). Eye 2.5–4.3 times higher than gena. Lateral margin of frons dark to level of posterior ori or less; rarely to level of anterior ori. Gap present between base of hypophallus and sclerotized section of ejaculatory duct; swollen portion of ejaculatory duct usually parallel-sided and not bulging ventrobasally. Distiphallus and mesophallus relatively dark with thick walls, and distal half of distiphallus and basal half of mesophallus bulging. Ejaculatory apodeme with relatively broad, rounded blade that is weakly to very strongly sclerotized; margin well-sclerotized ( Figs 125–127 ).......... L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) (in part)

- Four rows of acrostichal setulae, rarely three; densely arranged. Wing length 1.6–2.2mm (♂), 1.9–2.3mm (♀). Eye 3.5–4.2 times higher than gena. Lateral margin of frons dark to level of anterior or posterior ori. No gap present between hypophallus and sclerotized section of ejaculatory duct; swollen portion of ejaculatory duct widening towards base and slightly bulging ventrobasally. Mesophallus and distiphallus usually relatively weakly-sclerotized, pale and narrow, with distal half of distiphallus not much wider than basal half and parallel-sided; rarely as above. Ejaculatory apodeme with narrow, weakly-sclerotized blade; margin usually unsclerotized ( Figs 129–131 ).................................... L. langei Frick (in part)

26. Orbital plate entirely yellow. Orbital plate and parafacial sometimes projecting.................................... 27

- Orbital plate infuscated lateral to fronto-orbital bristles. Orbital plate and parafacial not projecting.................... 29

27. First flagellomere sometimes highest past midpoint. Three or four fronto-orbital bristles. Mesophallus thin, black and nearly twice length of distiphallus ( Fig. 152 )................................................. L. minor Spencer (in part)

- First flagellomere small, ovate and highest at or before midpoint. Four or five fronto-orbital bristles. Mesophallus barely evident if present....................................................................................... 28

28. Orbit and parafacial strongly projecting. Dorsal margin of anepisternum with relatively broad, irregular yellow margin. Fore and mid femora yellow with base and light dorsal streaking brown. Epandrium with posteroventral margin strongly projecting ( Fig. 185 ). Paraphallus absent. Distiphallus globular with medial swelling ( Fig. 187 )............... L. projecta spec. nov.

- Orbit and parafacial not projecting. Dorsal margin of anepisternum at most with thin yellow band. Fore and mid femora brown with apex and often anteroventral surface yellow. Epandrium with posteroventral margin shallowly rounded ( Fig. 178 ). Paraphallus present. Distiphallus wide and bowl shaped ( Fig. 180 ).............................. L. paumensis Spencer

29. First flagellomere relatively large, subquadrate and highest subapically. Dorsal margin of anepisternum with relatively large irregular yellow margin. Dark brown posterolateral region on frons broadly enclosing vertical bristles. Femora yellow with base and broad stripe on fore femur brown. Surstylus with two spines ( Fig. 73 ). Distiphallus with dark cylindrical base and wide apical dome ( Figs 74, 75 )......................................................... L. conclavis spec. nov.

- First flagellomere small and ovate. Dorsal margin of anepisternum with thin yellow stripe. Inner vertical bristle on margin of dark posterolateral region. Femora brown with knees, and sometimes anteroventral surface yellow. Surstylus with one spine. Distiphallus pale and cup-shaped........................................................................ 30

30. Scutum with complete lateral yellow band. Femora dark with knees, and sometimes anteroventral surface yellow. Distiphallus broad and bell-shaped in ventral view, only significantly narrowing at base ( Figs 30, 31 ). Paraphallus thin along length........................................................................... L. artemisiae Spencer (dark specimens)

- Scutum brown posterolaterally. Femora yellow anteroventrally. Distiphallus narrow and tapered to base, broadening apically ( Figs 69–71 ). Paraphallus relatively broad with apex expanded.................... L. californiensis Spencer (non-types)

31. Pedicel and scape yellow, sometimes slightly brownish. Distiphallus usually pale, sometimes small, but never as below.... 32

- Pedicel and scape as dark as first flagellomere or only barely lighter. Distiphallus dark, relatively large and clavate or rounded. ................................................................................................... 36

32. Five ori. Epistoma pronounced, approximately as high as wide. Inner margin of surstylus and epandrium with numerous spines, hypophallus hairy and distiphallus very stout, bifid and entirely divided ( Figs 194–199 ).... L. quadrisetosa (Malloch)

- Three or fewer ori. Epistoma barely evident. Male genitalia never as above...................................... 33

33. Base of vertical bristles surrounded by, or touching brown. First flagellomere small, not longer than high.............. 34

- At least base of inner vertical bristle surrounded by yellow. First flagellomere large, slightly longer than high and sometimes as high as gena......................................................................................... 35

34. Face yellow. Papus yellow. Distiphallus bifid ( Fig. 127 )........................... L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) (in part)

- Face brown, at least medially. Palpus brownish. Distiphallus not divided ( Fig. 143 )............... L. lupiniphaga Spencer

35. Base of outer vertical bristle surrounded by brown. Scutum brownish posterolaterally. Sometimes only three fronto-orbitals present on one side of frons. Mesophallus long, dark, cylindrical and separate from distiphallus ( Figs 152, 153 )............................................................................................ L. minor Spencer (in part)

- Base of outer vertical bristle and eye completely surrounded by yellow. Scutum with complete lateral yellow band. Four fronto-orbitals on both sides of frons........ L. artemisiae Spencer (former L. similis paratype ♀, possibly non-conspecific)

36. Parafacial and orbital plate distinctly projecting. Paraphallus thin, and base of distiphallus broad and somewhat truncated. Femora entirely dark brown............................................................................ 37

- Parafacial and orbital plate barely visible laterally. Paraphallus never as thin as above, and distiphallus more narrowed to base. Knees usually yellowish to distinctly yellow, at least on fore leg (entirely dark in some L. baptisiae )................... 38

37. Frons, notopleuron and postpronotum yellow. Wing length 2.0– 2.5mm. Surstylus with one spine and epandrium without spines. Distiphallus narrowest basally, and in ventral view, truncated apically with sides subparallel ( Figs 41, 42 )............................................................................................ L. bellissima (Spencer)

- Body entirely dark excluding centre of scutellum. Wing length 1.5mm. Epandrium and surstylus with two spines on each side. Distiphallus narrowest apically, ovate in ventral view ( Figs 52, 53 ).............................. L. bispinula spec. nov.

38. Apex of fore femur only slightly yellowish. Eye 3.2–5.5 times higher than gena. Base colour of head dark yellow to light brown. Scutum entirely brown to light brown laterally behind transverse suture. Vein dm-cu and anterior ori always welldeveloped. Surstylus with one subapical spine. Paraphallus possibly homologous with dark, confluent lobes ventral to base of distiphallus. Distiphallus not tuburculate, only significantly narrowed at base ( Figs 38, 39 ). Ejaculatory apodeme without stem ( Fig. 40 ).............................................................................. L. baptisiae (Frost)

- Fore knee distinctly yellow. Eye 2.9–4.0 times higher than gena. Base colour of head light yellow. Scutum sometimes marginally yellow behind transverse suture laterally. Vein dm-cu sometimes partially atrophied and anterior ori sometimes highly reduced to absent. Surstylus with two subapical spines. Paraphallus present. Distiphallus without ventrobasal lobes or distoventral plates; distal surface minutely tuberculate and base gradually narrowing ( Figs 222, 223 ). Ejaculatory apodeme with short stem ( Fig. 221 )................................................................... L. stachyos Spencer

39. Base of both vertical bristles surrounded by yellow.......................................................... 40

- At least base of outer vertical bristle surrounded by brown.................................................... 48

40. Scutum distinctly grey or matt, or at least with light dusting (not visible in liquid-preserved specimens). Two to four rows of acrostichal setulae.................................................................................... 41

- Scutum glossy to slightly subshining, never with dusting of pruinosity. Four rows of acrostichal setulae................ 46

41. Calypter margin and hairs yellow to white. Parafacial and orbital plate pronounced, forming distinct ring around eye...... 42

- Calypter margin and hairs grey to brownish. Parafacial and orbital plate usually not strongly projecting................ 43

42. Distiphallus very large, bulbous and without long apical tubules ( Fig. 81 )........................ L. smilacinae Spencer

- Distiphallus not more than twice width of mesophallus and with one pair of long apical tubules ( Figs 145, 146 )................................................................................................. L. merga spec. nov.

43. Vein dm-cu usually absent (present in specimens from Modoc Co.). Frons entirely pale excluding ocellar tubercle. Mesophallus cylindrical and dark, longer than distiphallus and strongly arched dorsally ( Figs 226, 227 )......... L. togata (Melander)

- Vein dm-cu always present. Posterolateral corner of frons usually with small pale marking lateral to vertical bristles. Mesophallus not longer than distiphallus and directed apically................................................. 44

44. Eye 2.1–3.0 times higher than gena. Posterolateral region of frons usually with stripe reaching posterior margin of eye. Posterior margin of anepimeron usually brown. Two to four rows of acrostichal setulae. Distiphallus very small, clear and gracile ( Figs 234, 235 )........................................................................ L. trifolii (Burgess)

- Eye 3.3–4.0 times higher than gena. Posterolateral region of frons entirely yellow or with faded brown spot on posterior margin. Posterior margin of anepimeron always yellow. Always four rows of acrostichal setulae. Distiphallus large and stout.. 45

45. One ori. Posterolateral margin of frons entirely yellow. Brown region on scutum broadly joined to scutellum. Femora entirely yellow. Distiphallus globose, minutely textured and divided between two hemispherical lobes ( Figs 106, 107 )..................................................................................................... L. fricki Spencer

- Two ori. Posterolateral margin of frons with faint brown spot. Brown region on scutum narrowly joined to scutellum. Femora with faint brown dorsobasal spot, and sometimes with dorsoapical mottling. Distiphallus elongate and bifid ( Figs 149, 150 )................................................................................... L. cunicularia spec. nov.

46. Wing length 2.2–2.3mm. Clypeus yellow to slightly brownish. Surstylus and epandrial spine absent. Distiphallus strongly bent dorsally, with long curved base and small apical bowl (ie. pipe-shaped) ( Figs 163, 164 ). Ejaculatory apodeme with elongate pointed ends on pileus ejaculatorius.................................................. L. montana Sehgal (in part)

- Wing length 1.3–2.3mm. Clypeus dark brown. Surstylus and epandrial spine present. Distiphallus various, never pipe-shaped. Ejaculatory apodeme with ends of pileus ejaculatorious not produced as above.................................... 47

47. First flagellomere often long-haired apically and slightly enlarged. Vein dm-cu sometimes absent (present in all California specimens). Anterior ori absent to minute. Anterodistal margin of epandrium produced as long point ( Fig. 190 ).............................................................................................. L. ptarmicae de Meijere

- First flagellomere uncommonly haired apically and always small and ovate. Vein dm-cu present. Anterior ori well-developed, reduced in some L. sativae . Anterodistal margin of epandrium rounded, not produced ( Fig. 5 )........................ 48

48. Acrostichal setulae extending to level of second dorsocentral. Femora sometimes brown dorsobasally. Anterior ori sometimes reduced. One spine on surstylus. Distiphallus with apical, basal and ventral surfaces more well-sclerotized, forming weak Cshape in profile; width only slightly more than that of mesophallus ( Figs 8, 9 ). Paraphallus distinct................................................................................................... L. sativae Blanchard (in part)

- Acrostichal setulae narrowly extending to level of posterior (first) dorsocentral. Femora entirely yellow. Anterior ori comparable in size to posterior ori. One or two spines on surstylus. Distiphallus bell-shaped with lateroventral walls thick and dark at base; width twice that of mesophallus ( Figs 202, 203 ). Paraphallus absent................ L. sabaziae Spencer (pale form)

49. Femora entirely yellow, sometimes with scraper on hind femur pigmented........................................ 50

- Femora variably patterned, at least with faint dorsobasal marking on fore femur................................... 61

50. Scutum with complete yellow lateral band to base of scutellum. Common....................................... 51

- Lateral margin of scutum entirely dark lateral to scutellum, sometimes with yellow mottling. Uncommon............... 60

51. Veins dm-cu and r-m nearly level with each other. Anepisternum with brown markings nearly absent. Paraphallus leaf-like. Distiphallus longer than swollen apical section of ejaculatory duct, narrow, only slightly broader apically and angled dorsally ( Figs 157, 158 ).................................................................... L. miserabilis spec. nov.

- Distance between dm-cu and r-m at least 2/3 length of dm-cu. Anepisternum at least with distinct anteroventral spot. Paraphallus thin and straight. Distiphallus not shaped as above and not sharply angled dorsally.............................. 52

52. First flagellomere usually relatively large, nearly quadrate, and with dorsal margin to dorsal half of outer face infuscated; rarely small, rounded and entirely yellow. Clypeus light brown with centre yellow. Surstylus with two spines ( Fig. 242 )........................................................................................ L. trixivora spec. nov.

- First flagellomere small and ovate; dark on anterior or anterodorsal margin (if pigmented). Clypeus dark brown. Surstylus usually with one spine (two present in L. specifica and L. venegasiae ). Only males can be identified past this point......... 53

53. Distiphallus relatively elongate, dark, barrel-shaped ( Figs 59, 60 ). Ejaculatory apodeme large and broad with corners pointed............................................................................... L. brassicae (Riley) (in part)

- Distiphallus pale and bell-shaped or with apical tubules. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively narrow with corners rounded..... 54

54. Distiphallus with broad bowl-shaped base and long apical tubules ( Figs 90, 91 )................... L. equiseti de Meijere

- Distiphallus pale, clear and cup-like with narrow base........................................................ 55

55. Paraphallus broadest apically ( Fig. 122 , arrow). Distiphallus fused to mesophallus, forming thin basal stem, and with small apical chamber ( Figs 122, 124 )..................................................... L. helianthi Spencer (in part)

- Paraphallus thin with width nearly equal along length. Distiphallus small and separate from mesophallus............... 56

56. Base of distiphallus broad, dark and truncated when seen in ventral view. Surstylus darker than epandrium......................................................................................... L. eupatorii (Kaltenbach) (in part)

- Base of distiphallus narrow, pale and rounded. Surstylus as pale as epandrium..................................... 57

57. Surstylus with single subapical spine..................................................................... 58

- Surstylus with two subapical spines...................................................................... 59

58. Abdominal tergites brown dorsomedially ( Fig. 1 ). Distiphallus darkest along ventral surface; base thin, gradually narrowed, pale and fused to mesophallus is ventral view ( Figs 8, 9 ). Left distolateral margin of basiphallus not produced. Note—smaller Washington male of L. sabaziae keys here........................................... L. sativae Blanchard (in part)

- Abdominal tergites with longitudinal yellow stripe centrally. Distiphallus darkest basally and dorsally; base broadly rounded, dark and separate from mesophallus in ventral view ( Figs 208, 209 ). Left distolateral margin of basiphallus clear and strongly produced............................................................................ L. schlingeri Spencer

59. Three ori. Dorsal third of katepisternum yellow, broadly enclosing bristle. Fore tibia as dark as other tibiae. Distiphallus elongate, cup-shaped, constricted medially and with one pair of dark, oblique dorsal lines.......... L. specifica Spencer (in part)

- Two ori. Dorsal margin of katepisternum yellow and with small yellow emargination behind bristle. Fore tibia light brown. Distiphallus with subspherical apical chamber enclosing paired fringes structures.................. L. venegasiae Spencer

60. Wing length 1.7mm. Dorsal margin of first flagellomere infuscated, becoming darker to base of arista. Clypeus dark brown. Distolateral margin of basiphallus produced as sclerotized process. Paraphallus well developed and strongly upcurved apically. Distiphallus broadly rounded along ventral surface ( Fig. 24 )..................................... L. arnaudi Spencer

- Wing length 1.2–1.5(?)mm. First flagellomere entirely yellow. Clypeus yellowish. Distolateral margin of basiphallus undeveloped. Paraphallus not well developed. Distiphallus subconical in lateral view with ventral surface relatively straight ( Fig. 110 )..................................................................................... L. frommeri Spencer

61. Acrostichal setulae entirely absent. Male genitalia as in Figs 82, 83.............................. L . denudata Spencer

- At least two rows of acrostichal setulae present............................................................. 62

62. First flagellomere entirely and evenly yellow............................................................... 63

- First flagellomere darker apically, with distal margin to distal half orange to brownish; sometimes dorsal margin darker or distal half yellow, but distinctly darker than pale basal half....................................................... 83

63. Femora with dorsal mottling in addition to brown basal spot, at least on fore leg.................................. 64

- Femora only brown at base............................................................................ 76

64. Three fronto-orbital bristles (posterior ors absent). Eye 5.0 times higher than gena. Surstylus with two spines in membranous ventrobasal region. Distiphallus as in Figs 212, 213.......................................... L . tricornis spec. nov.

- Four or five fronto-orbital bristles. Eye 2.8–5.8 times higher than gena. Surstylus usually with one spine, but if two present, these situated in sclerotized subapical region.............................................................. 65

65. Five fronto-orbital bristles............................................................................. 66

- Four fronto-orbital bristles............................................................................ 69

66. Wing with very faint infuscation and calypter margin dark brown. Orbital plate lightly infuscated to base of fronto-orbitals ( Fig. 3 ). Face brownish with sides darker. Only dorsomedial margin of katepisternum yellow. Phallus extremely elongate ( Figs 167, 168 ).......................................................................... L. nebulosa spec. nov.

- Wing membrane completely clear on and calypter margin grey to brown. Orbital plate entirely yellow. Face yellow. Dorsal margin of katepisternum entirely yellow. Phallus not elongate as above......................................... 67

67. First flagellomere with slight anterodorsal angle. Ventral 2/3 of anepisternum brown. Mid femur only narrowly brown at base. Surstylus with two spines ( Fig. 117 ). Paraphallus pointing apically ( Figs 118, 119 )............. L. helenii Spencer (in part)

- First flagellomere rounded. Ventral stripe on anepisternum less than half of sclerite’s surface area. Mid femur with dorsal streaking. Surstylus with one spine. Paraphallus directed ventrally or anteroventrally............................... 68

68. Eye 4.0–5.3 times higher than gena. Parafacial and orbital plate not produced. Epistoma minute. Wing length 1.3–1.6mm. Lateral margin of frons brown to level of anterior ori. Scutum subshining. Mesophallus indistinct. Distiphallus with narrow, dark basal section and rounded, expanded apical section ( Figs 122–124 )........................ L. helianthi Spencer (in part)

- Eye 1.8 times higher than gena. Parafacial and orbital plate produced, easily visible laterally. Epistoma large. Wing length 2.1mm. Lateral margin of frons yellow. Scutum with dusting of pruinosity. Mesophallus thin and stem-like. Distiphallus broad and globose ( Figs 76, 77 )................................................................ L. chemsaki Spencer

69. Fore femur, and sometimes hind femur with additional brownish streaking. Abdomen yellow laterally along tergites. Katepisternal bristle surrounded by yellow. Coxae yellow with base brown. Yellow lateral stripe on scutum sometimes strongly overlapping with yellow medial band on scutellum.............................................................. 70

- Femora often dark on basal 2/3, at least dorsally, but sometimes only faintly mottled. Abdomen usually entirely brown laterally. Katepisternal bristle touching, or surrounded by brown. Coxae brown with tip to distal ½ of fore coxa (and sometimes mid coxa) yellow. Yellow portions of scutum and scutellum narrowly overlapping at most.............................. 74

70. Distiphallus fused to mesophallus, sometimes cup-shaped. Wing length 1.2–1.8mm. Lateral margin of frons sometimes with thin brown stripe to posterior ori; base of ors surrounded by thin brownish spot. Two ori. Vein dm-cu always present...... 71

- Distiphallus cup-shaped; separate from mesophallus. Wing length 1.3–2.2mm. Lateral margin of frons variable, but ors never surrounded by small, isolated brownish spot. Sometimes three ori on one side of frons. Vein dm-cu rarely absent........ 72

71. Lateral band on scutum wide and yellow. Only fore femur with brown striations. Paraphallus small and narrow. Distiphallus dark and barrel-shaped ( Figs 59, 60 )................................................. L. brassicae (Riley) (in part)

- Lateral yellow band on scutum thin and with brown mottling. Mid and hind femora sometimes with light striations. Paraphallus broad and clavate. Distiphallus with narrow, dark basal section and rounded, expanded apical section ( Figs 122–124 ).................................................................................. L. helianthi Spencer (in part)

72. Wing length 1.3–1.8mm. Scutum with complete yellow lateral stripe. Eye 4.4–5.8 times higher than gena. Distiphallus as in Figs 8, 9 , with apical, basal and ventral surfaces more well-sclerotized, forming weak C-shape in profile. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively small and pale ( Fig. 7 )................................................... L. sativae Blanchard (in part)

- Wing length 1.7–2.2mm. Posterolateral corner of scutum sometimes with brownish mottling. Eye 2.0–3.8 times higher than gena. Distiphallus not as above. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively well developed................................... 73

73. First flagellomere small, ovate and tapering apically. Lateral margin of frons sometimes brown. Surstylus with one spine. Paraphallus directed anteroventrally ( Figs 86, 87 ). Distiphallus abruptly truncated at base (ie. subrectangular) and much higher than mesophallus. Ejaculatory apodeme with stem thin and short ( Fig. 85 )............. L. eupatorii (Kaltenbach) (in part)

- First flagellomere relatively large and subquadrate, with anterodorsal margin slightly angulate. Lateral margin of frons entirely yellow. Surstylus with two spines ( Fig. 117 ). Paraphallus pointing apically ( Figs 118, 119 ). Distiphallus gradually rounded basally and as high as mesophallus. Ejaculatory apodeme with stem stout and longer than blade ( Fig. 116 )............................................................................................... L. helenii Spencer (in part)

74. Wing length 1.6–2.3mm. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 1.8–2.7. Eye 3.5–4.2 times higher than gena. Scutum brown immediately lateral to scutellum. Distiphallus bifid ( Fig. 130 )...... L. langei Frick (in part)

- Wing length 1.4–1.8mm. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 2.9–3.3. Eye 4.4–5.8 times higher than gena. Scutum yellow lateral to scutellum. Distiphallus undivided..................................... 75

75. Femora yellow with base and dorsal mottling brown, sometimes almost entirely brown dorsally. Ejaculatory apodeme small and pale ( Fig. 7 ). Distiphallus gradually narrowing to base ( Figs 8, 9 )..................... L. sativae Blanchard (in part)

- Femora brown with venter yellowish. Ejaculatory apodeme large, with blade very broad and dark. Base of distiphallus truncated ( Fig. 244 )..................................................................... L. pictella (Thompson)

76. Wing length 2.5mm. Base of distiphallus with broad basal collar; large apical bowl with single inner-marginal row of stout spines ( Fig. 17 )....................................................................... L. abnormis Spencer

- Wing length 1.2–2.1mm. Distiphallus various, but not as above................................................ 77

77. Wing length 1.2–1.8mm. Surstylus almost always with one spine — some L. brassicae with two, including specimens with brown face. Paraphallus directed ventrally or anteroventrally. Males only past this point............................. 78

- Wing length 1.8–2.1mm. Surstylus with two spines and face never brown. Paraphallus absent or directed apically....... 81

78. Face rarely brown. Surstylus usually with one large spine, rarely two ( Figs 55–58 ). Distiphallus relatively elongate, dark, and barrel-shaped ( Figs 59, 60 ). Ejaculatory apodeme large and broad with corners pointed ( Fig. 54 )...................................................................................................... L. brassicae (Riley) (in part)

- Face never brown. Surstylus always with one spine. Distiphallus relatively short, pale and cup-like. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively narrow with corners rounded...................................................................... 79

79. Paraphallus broad and clavate. Mesophallus indistinct. Distiphallus with relatively long, dark base and broad rounded apex ( Figs 122–124 )................................................................ L. helianthi Spencer (in part)

- Paraphallus thin with width nearly equal along length. Distiphallus pale, not much longer than wide, bell-shaped and separated into distinct basal and distal sections (ie. mesophallus and distiphallus)........................................... 80

80. Eye height divided by gena height 2.6–3.0 (normally 4.4–5.8 for this species). Hypophallus as long as distiphallus plus mesophallus. Distiphallus as in Figs 8, 9 , with apical, basal and ventral surfaces more well-sclerotized, forming weak C-shape in profile. Width of ejaculatory apodeme usually significantly more than half length ( Fig. 7 )... L. sativae Blanchard (in part)

- Eye height divided by gena height 3.6. Hypophallus nearly as long as distiphallus. Distiphallus stout, more globose in outline ( Figs 247, 248 ). Width of ejaculatory apodeme slightly more than half width and ( Fig. 245 ).......... L. venturensis Spencer

81. Eye 2.8–4.0 times higher than gena. Only base of hind coxa brown. Paraphallus distinct, directed apically. Distiphallus not much longer than mesophallus ( Figs 118, 119 ).......................................... L. helenii Spencer (in part)

- Eye 4.0–5.4 times higher than gena. Hind coxa more extensively pigmented. Paraphallus absent. Distiphallus approximately 50% longer than mesophallus.......................................................................... 82

82. Scutum sometimes subshining. Surstylus with both spines positioned near mid-ventral surface ( Fig. 201 ). Hypophallus small and thin with several apical hairs. Basiphallus narrow apically. Distiphallus twice width of mesophallus ( Figs 202, 203 )................................................................................... L. sabaziae Spencer (in part)

- Scutum glossy. Surstylus with spines positioned along posteroventral margin ( Fig. 251 ). Hypophallus long, broad, dark, flat and bare. Distolateral margins of basiphallus flared laterally and wing-like. Distiphallus not much wider than mesophallus ( Figs 254, 255 )......................................................................... L. zinniae Spencer

83. Posterolateral corner of scutum brownish or completely dark.................................................. 84

- Posterolateral corner of scutum yellow................................................................... 86

84. Distiphallus bifid and separate from mesophallus ( Figs 129, 130 ). Basiphallus and mesophallus separated by long membranous space. Paraphallus vestigial. Face sometimes partly brown. Lateral margin of frons often dark with thin extension reaching base of posterior ori. Femora predominantly dark with distoventral surface yellow................ L. langei Frick (in part)

- Distiphallus cylindrical and fused to mesophallus. Basiphallus and mesophallus closely spaced. Paraphallus flat and leaf-like or thin and subrectangular. Face yellow. Base of posterior ori always surrounded by yellow. Femora yellow, sometimes with sparse mottling...................................................................................... 85

85. First flagellomere infuscated with basal margin yellow. Abdomen brown. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 2.3. Paraphallus thin. Distiphallus with broad apical chamber enclosing one pair of processes ( Figs 69–71 )......................................................................... L. californiensis Spencer (holotype)

- First flagellomere only infuscated along distal margin. Lateral margin of abdominal tergites yellow and tergites 1 and 2 with thin medial yellow line. Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section 4.3. Paraphallus broad and ovate. Distiphallus narrow apically and without distinct paired structures ( Figs 182, 183 )........... L. phyllodes spec. nov.

86. Abdominal tergites entirely dark brown (intersegmental membrane sometimes appearing as yellow posterior margin on tergites). Orbital plate sometimes brown laterally.............................................................. 87

- Abdominal tergites yellow along lateral and posterior margins. Orbital plate entirely yellow.......................... 91

87. Wing length 1.3–1.6mm. Lateral margin of frons with faint brown band to level of anterior ori, enclosing base of ors. Katatergite yellow. Distiphallus bell-shaped and undivided ( Figs 30–32 )......................... L. artemisiae Spencer (in part)

- Wing length 1.8–2.5mm. Lateral margin of frons sometimes dark to base of posterior or anterior ors. Katatergite brown ventrally. Distiphallus bifid................................................................................ 88

88. Parafacial and anterior margin of orbital plate projecting. First flagellomere relatively large and quadrate; only dorsal margin with brown pigment. Two irregular rows of acrostichal setulae. Distiphallus with long apical membranous tubules ( Fig. 231 ). Ejaculatory apodeme large and heavily sclerotized, with ends of pileus ejaculatorius produced and heavily sclerotized ( Fig. 229 ).................................................................................. L. tubula Spencer

- Parafacial and orbital plate barely visible laterally. First flagellomere small and ovate; anterior margin darkly pigmented. Four rows of acrostichal setulae. Distiphallus very short. Ejaculatory apodeme small and pale, without produced pileus ejaculatorius ............................................................................................... 89

89. Surstylus with two spines ( Fig. 236 ). Paraphallus triangular with apex dark; hypophallus indistinct; basiphallus and mesophallus nearly touching ( Figs 238, 239 ). Femora often predominantly yellow with base and light dorsal mottling brown. Mid coxa brown. Brownish ventral band on gena only present posteriorly. Vein dm-cu always present.. L. trifoliearum Spencer (in part)

- Surstylus with one spine. Paraphallus clear and faint to indistinct; hypophallus long, thin and curved; basiphallus and mesophallus widely separated by membranous space. Femora usually predominantly brown with knees and distoventral surfaces yellow, at least on fore leg (paler in most L. huidobrensis and some L. langei ); sometimes as above. Mid coxa sometimes yellow apically. Ventral margin of gena usually with complete faint brownish band, but sometimes variably faded. Vein dm-cu sometimes broken or absent............................................................................ 90

90. Two to three rows of acrostichal setulae, rarely four; usually sparsely arranged. Wing length 1.9–2.6mm (♂), 2.1–2.7mm (♀). Eye 2.5–4.3 times higher than gena. Lateral margin of frons dark to level of posterior ori or less; rarely to level of anterior ori. Gap present between base of hypophallus and sclerotized section of ejaculatory duct; swollen portion of ejaculatory duct usually parallel-sided and not bulging ventrobasally. Distiphallus and mesophallus relatively dark with thick walls, and distal half of distiphallus and basal half of mesophallus bulging ( Figs 126, 127 ). Ejaculatory apodeme with relatively broad, rounded blade that is weakly to very strongly sclerotized; margin well-sclerotized ( Fig. 125 ).... L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) (in part)

- Four rows of acrostichal setulae, rarely three; densely arranged. Wing length 1.6–2.2mm (♂), 1.9–2.3mm (♀). Eye 3.5–4.2 times higher than gena. Lateral margin of frons dark to level of anterior or posterior ori. No gap present between hypophallus and sclerotized section of ejaculatory duct; swollen portion of ejaculatory duct widening towards base and slightly bulging ventrobasally. Mesophallus and distiphallus usually relatively weakly-sclerotized, pale and narrow, with distal half of distiphallus not much wider than basal half and parallel-sided; rarely as above ( Figs 129, 130 ). Ejaculatory apodeme with narrow, weakly-sclerotized blade; margin usually unsclerotized ( Fig. 131 ).............................. L. langei Frick (in part)

91. Wing length 1.3–1.8mm. Space between vertical bristles paler than region lateral to outer bristle. Fifth fronto-orbital sometimes present. Distiphallus cup-shaped with base gradually tapering............................................. 92

- Wing length 1.7–2.2mm. Space between vertical bristles usually dark brown. Only four fronto-orbitals. If distiphallus small and cup-like, more darkly-pigmented with base abruptly narrowed ( Figs 86, 87 ).................................. 93

92. Surstylus with one spine ( Fig. 6 ). Distiphallus with narrow ventral suture ( Fig. 9 )............ L. sativae Blanchard (in part)

- Surstylus with two spines ( Fig. 220 ). Distiphallus with broad ventral suture ( Fig. 218 )......... L. specifica Spencer (in part)

93. Lateral margin of frons entirely yellow. Femora yellow with brown base. Distiphallus broad, clear and circular with central sclerotized rod ( Figs 139, 140 ).............................................................. L. lupini Spencer

- Orbital plate with thin brownish margin. Femora yellow with brown base and light dorsal mottling. Distiphallus small, pigmented and cup-shaped ( Figs 86, 87 )........................................... L. eupatorii (Kaltenbach) (in part)

Figures

FIGURES 169–174. Figs 169–170: Liriomyza nigriscutellata Spencer, male genitalia; 169: male holotype genitalia; 170: phallus, ventral (Creston male). Figs 171–174: L. nigriscutellata, male genitalia (Darwin Falls male); 171: ejaculatory apodeme; 172: external components; 173: phallus, left lateral; 174: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 204–207. Liriomyza salpingion spec. nov., male genitalia; 204: phallus, left lateral; 205: phallus, ventral; 206: external components, ventral; 207: ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 175–180. Figs 175–177: Liriomyza nigrissima Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 175: phallus, ventral; 176: phallus, left lateral and ventral, and ejaculatory apodeme, from original figures in Spencer (1981); 177: external components, ventral. Figs 178–180: L. paumensis Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 178: external components, ventrolateral; 179: ejaculatory apodeme; 180: phallus, right lateral.

FIGURES 132–137. Figs 132–135: Liriomyza lathyroides (Spencer), male genitalia; 132: CASC paratype, phallus, ventral; 133: USNM holotype, from original figure in Spencer (1981), left half of epandrium (ventral), phallus and ejaculatory apodeme. Figs 134–137: L. lupinella Spencer, male genitalia; 134: ejaculatory apodeme; 135: external components, ventral; 136: phallus, left lateral; 137: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 88–95. Figs 88–91: Liriomyza equiseti Meijere, male genitalia; 88: external components, ventral; 89: ejaculatory apodeme; 90: phallus, ventral; 91: phallus, left lateral. Figs 92–95: L. flavicola Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 92: phallus, right lateral; 93: ejaculatory apodeme; 94: external components, ventral; 95: phallus, left lateral and ventral, from original figure in Spencer (1981).

FIGURES 43–49. Figs 43–46: Liriomyza bella Spencer, male genitalia; 43: ejaculatory apodeme; 44: external components, ventral; 45: phallus, left lateral; 46: phallus, ventral. Figs 47–49: L. parabella spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 47: external components, ventral; 48: phallus, left lateral; 49: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 19–25. Figs 19–23: Liriomyza admiranda Spencer, male genitalia; 19: holotype phallus, right lateral; 20: ejaculatory apodeme; 21: external components, ventral; 22: phallus, ventral; 23: phallus, left lateral. Figs 24–25: Liriomyza arnaudi Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 24: ventral, with phallus broken off and shown to right (right lateral view with most of basiphallus missing); 25: phallus, ventral, from original figure in Spencer (1981).

FIGURES 1–3. 1: Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, female. Fig. 2: L. septentrionalis Sehgal, male. Fig. 3: L. nebulosa spec. nov, male holotype. Fig. 4: L. langei Frick, male.

FIGURES 112–115. Liriomyza graminaceae Spencer, male genitalia; 112: ejaculatory apodeme; 113: external components, ventral; 114: phallus, left lateral; 115: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 161–164. Liriomyza montana Sehgal, male genitalia; 161: external components, ventral; 162: ejaculatory apodeme; 163: phallus, ventral; 164: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 214–217. Liriomyza septentrionalis Sehgal, male genitalia; 214: external components, ventral; 215: ejaculatory apodeme; 216: phallus, left lateral; 217: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 125–131. Figs 125–127: Figs 128–131: Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), male genitalia; 125: ejaculatory apodeme; 126: phallus, left lateral; 127: phallus, ventral; 128: external components, ventral. L. langei Frick, male genitalia; 129: phallus, left lateral; 130: phallus, ventral; 131: ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 33–36. Liriomyza baccharidis Spencer, male genitalia; 33: ejaculatory apodeme; 34: external components, ventral; 35: phallus, left lateral; 36: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 96–103. Figs 96–99: Liriomyza frickella Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 96: phallus, left lateral and ventral, from original figure in Spencer (1981); 97: phallus, ventral; 98: ejaculatory apodeme; 99: external components, ventral. Figs 100– 103: L. frigida Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 100: external components, ventral; 101: ejaculatory apodeme; 102: phallus, left lateral and ventral, from original figures in Spencer (1981); 103: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 5–9. Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, male genitalia; 5: external components, left lateral; 6: external components, ventral; 7: ejaculatory apodeme; 8: phallus, left lateral; 9: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 152–156. Figs 152–154: Liriomyza minor Spencer, male genitalia; 152: phallus, ventral; 153: phallus left lateral; 154: external components, ventral. Figs 155–156: L. monoensis Spencer, male genitalia; 155: holotype phallus, left lateral and ventral, from original figures in Spencer (1981); 156: external components, ventral.

FIGURES 232–239. Figs 232–235: Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), male genitalia; 232: external components, ventral; 233: ejaculatory apodeme; 234: phallus, left lateral; 235: phallus, ventral. Figs 236–239: L. trifoliearum Spencer, male genitalia; 236: external components, ventral; 237: ejaculatory apodeme; 238: hypandrial complex, left lateral; 239: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 181–188. Figs 181–183: Liriomyza phyllodes spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 181: external components, ventral; 182: phallus, ventral; 183: phallus, left lateral. Figs 184–188: Liriomyza projecta spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 184: external components, ventral; 185: external components, left lateral; 186: ejaculatory apodeme; 187: phallus, ventral; 188: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 69–75. Figs 69–71: Liriomyza californiensis Spencer, male holotype phallus; 69: phallus, ventral, from original figure in Spencer (1981); 70: phallus, ventral, non-type, ventral; 71: phallus, right lateral, holotype. Figs 72–75: L. conclavis spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 72: ejaculatory apodeme; 73: external components, ventral; 74: phallus, ventral; 75: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 26–32. Figs 26–29: Liriomyza artemisiae, pale-type male genitalia; 26: ejaculatory apodeme; 27: external components, ventral; 28: phallus, ventral; 29: phallus, left lateral. Figs 30–31: dark-type male phallus: 30: ventral; 31: left lateral. Fig. 32: L. similis Spencer [=L. artemisiae], male holotype phallus.

FIGURES 194–199. Liriomyza quadrisetosa (Malloch), male genitalia; 194: external components, posterior; 195: external components, ventral; 196: phallus, ventral; 197: hypandrium, ventral; 198: ejaculatory apodeme; 199: hypandrial complex, left lateral.

FIGURES 138–143. Figs 138–141: Liriomyza lupini Spencer, male genitalia; 138: external components, ventral; 139: phallus, left lateral; 140: phallus, ventral; 141: ejaculatory apodeme. Figs 142–143: L. lupiniphaga Spencer, phallus; 142: left lateral; 143: ventral.

FIGURES 37–42. Figs 37–40: Liriomyza baptisiae (Frost), male genitalia; 37: external components, ventral; 38: phallus, left lateral; 39: phallus, ventral; 40: ejaculatory apodeme. Figs 41–42: L. bellissima (Spencer), male holotype genitalia; 41: phallus, left lateral; 42: phallus, ventral and left lateral, and ejaculatory apodeme, from original figures in Spencer (1981).

FIGURES 50–53. Liriomyza bispinula spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 50: ejaculatory apodeme; 51: external components, ventral; 52: phallus, left lateral; 53: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 218–224. Figs 218–220: Liriomyza specifica, male holotype genitalia; 218: phallus, ventral; 219: ejaculatory apodeme; 220: external components, ventral. Figs 221–224: L. stachyos Spencer, male genitalia; 221: ejaculatory apodeme; 222: phallus, left lateral; 223: phallus, ventral; 224: external components, ventral.

FIGURES 76–81. Figs 76–79: Liriomyza chemsaki Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 76: phallus, left lateral; 77: phallus, ventral, from original figure in Spencer (1981); 78: ejaculatory apodeme; 79: external components, ventral. Figs 80–81: L. smilacinae Spencer (half size relative to L. chemsaki illustration); 80: ejaculatory apodeme; 81: phallus, lateroventral.

FIGURES 144–151. Figs 144–147: Liriomyza merga spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 144: external components, ventral; 145: phallus, ventral; 146: phallus, left lateral; 147: ejaculatory apodeme. Figs 148–151: L. cunicularia spec. nov., male genitalia; 148: external components, ventral; 149: phallus, ventral; 150: phallus, left lateral; 151: ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 225–231. Figs 225–228: Liriomyza togata (Melander), male genitalia; 225: external components, ventral; 226: phallus, ventral; 227: phallus, left lateral; 228: ejaculatory apodeme. Figs 229–231: L. tubula Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 229: ejaculatory apodeme; 230: external components, ventrolateral; 231: phallus, ventrolateral.

FIGURES 104–111. Figs 104–107: Liriomyza fricki Spencer, male genitalia; 104: ejaculatory apodeme; 105: external components, ventral; 106: phallus, ventral; 107: phallus, left lateral. Figs 108–111: L. frommeri Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 108: phallus, left lateral, from original figure in Spencer (1981); 109: external components, ventral; 110: phallus, left lateral; 111: ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 189–193. Liriomyza ptarmicae Meijere, male genitalia; 189: external components, ventral; 190: external components, left lateral; 191: ejaculatory apodeme; 192: phallus, left lateral; 193: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 200–203. L. sabaziae Spencer, male genitalia; 200: ejaculatory apodeme; 201: external components, ventral; 202: phallus, left lateral; 203: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 157–160. Liriomyza miserabilis spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 157: external components, ventral; 158: phallus, left lateral; 159: phallus, ventral; 160: ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 240–244. Figs 240–243: Liriomyza trixivora spec. nov., male genitalia; 240: phallus, ventral; 241: phallus, left lateral; 242: external components, ventral; 243: ejaculatory apodeme. Fig. 244: L. pictella (Thompson), ejaculatory apodeme, male phallus ventral and left lateral.

FIGURES 54–60. Liriomyza brassicae (Riley), genitalia of “typical” male; 54: ejaculatory apodeme; 55: external components, anterior; 56: external components, posterior; 57: external components, ventral; 58: external components, left lateral; 59: phallus, left lateral; 60: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 120–124. Liriomyza helianthi Spencer, male genitalia; 120: ejaculatory apodeme, showing variation in blade shape; 121: external components, ventral; 122: holotype phallus, left lateral; 123: phallus, non-type, left lateral; 124: phallus, same male, ventral.

FIGURES 208–213. Figs 208–209: Liriomyza schlingeri Spencer, male genitalia; 208: phallus, left lateral; 209: phallus, ventral. Figs 210–213: Liriomyza tricornis spec. nov., male genitalia; 210: external components, ventral; 211: ejaculatory apodeme; 212: phallus, left lateral; 213: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 82–87. Figs 82–84: Liriomyza denudata Spencer, male genitalia; 82: phallus, lateroventral; 83: left lateral; 84: external components, ventral. Figs 85–87: L. eupatorii (Kaltenbach), male genitalia; 85: ejaculatory apodeme; 86: phallus, ventral; 87: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 165–168. Liriomyza nebulosa spec. nov., male holotype genitalia; 165: ejaculatory apodeme; 166: external components, ventral; 167: phallus, left lateral; 168: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 116–119. Liriomyza helenii Spencer, male genitalia; 116: ejaculatory apodeme; 117: external components, ventral; 118: phallus, left lateral; 119: phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 15–18. Liriomyza abnormis Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 15: external components and hypandrial complex excluding phallus and ejaculatory apodeme; 16: ejaculatory apodeme; 17: phallus, left lateral; 18: phallus, left lateral and ventral, from original figures in Spencer (1981).

FIGURES 245–251. Figs 245–248: Liriomyza venturensis Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 245: ejaculatory apodeme; 246: external components, ventral; 247: phallus, right lateral; 248: holotype phallus, left lateral and ventral, from original illustrations in Spencer (1981). Figs 249–251: L. venegasiae Spencer, male holotype genitalia; 249: external components, ventral; 250: phallus, ventral; 251: phallus, left lateral and ventral, from original illustrations in Spencer (1981).

FIGURES 252–255. Liriomyza zinniae Spencer, male genitalia; 252: ejaculatory apodeme; 253: external components, ventral; 254: phallus, left lateral; 255: phallus, ventral.