Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)

Lonsdale, Owen, 2011, The Liriomyza (Agromyzidae: Schizophora: Diptera) of California 2850, Zootaxa 2850 (1), pp. 1-123 : 58-61

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)

Figs 125–128

Agromyza huidobrensis Blanchard 1926: 10 . Liriomyza cucumifoliae Blanchard 1938: 352 . Syn. Spencer (1973a). Liriomyza decora Blanchard 1954: 31 . Spencer 1963b: 359 (as syn. bryoniae (Kalt.)) . Syn. Spencer (1973a). Liriomyza langei Frick. Misidentification. Frick 1951: 81 ; Rautz & Trumble 2002: 101. Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) . Misidentification. Spencer 1963b: 359. Liriomyza dianthi Frick. Misidentification. Frick 1958: 1 . Liriomyza huidobrensis . Blanchard 1938: 356; Porter 1939: 139; Frick 1952a: 403; Spencer 1973a: 215, 1981: 241, 1982: 24,

1983: 55, 1984: 18; Spencer & Steyskal 1986: 119 (in part); Anonymous 1996: Map 568, 2002: Map 568; Steck 1996: 1

(in part); Aukema et al. 1998: 17; Shepard et al. 1998: 43; Rauf et al. 2000: 257; Shiao & Wu 2000: 250; Scheffer & Lewis

2001: 648; Salvo & Valladares 2002: 874; Martin et al. 2005: 1170; Takano et al. 2005: 43; Deeming 2006: 410; Takano et al. 2008: 397; USDA 2008: 1.

Wing length 1.9–2.6mm (♂) [usually 2.3–2.6 in darker males and 1.9–2.2 in paler males], 2.1–2.7mm (♀). Length of ultimate section of vein CuA 1 divided by penultimate section: 1.5–2.5. Eye height divided by gena height: 2.5– 4.3. Scutum shining to subshining. Vein dm-cu rarely broken.

Chaetotaxy: Two ori (anterior bristle rarely reduced), two ors. Acrostichal setulae usually in two to three sparse rows, but less commonly more closely spaced and with up to four rows; darker specimens more frequently with additional setulae.

Colouration: Calypter margin and hairs brown. Head yellow with back of head, ocellar triangle, clypeus and posterolateral corner of frons to base of outer vertical bristle dark brown; region from base of outer vertical to inner vertical brown to yellow; venter of gena with light brown line; distal half to distal 2/3 of first flagellomere orange to infuscated with margin darker. Posterolateral corner of scutum with small spot; katepisternum brownish posteroventrally; anatergite dark brown below scutellum and brown lateral to scutellum with dorsum yellow. Pleuron yellow with broad brown anteroventral stripe on anepisternum that sometimes includes much of ventral 2/3; anepimeron yellow with light to extensive mottling; most of meron brown; katepisternum brown below base of bristle (sometimes touching bristle) and sometimes behind bristle base. Legs yellow with base of fore and mid coxae mottled brown, hind coxa brown on basal half or entirely brown, femora brown at base, fore and mid femora with light dorsal mottling, hind femur with heavier streaking, tibiae brown with posterior legs darker and tarsus brown. Abdomen dark brown, sometimes yellowish medially on second tergite.

Variation: Paler specimens described above are typical of most males and a minority of females outside of Chile and populations introduced into western North America. Darker specimens differ as follows: pigment more black instead of brown; basal 2/3 to basal margin of first flagellomere yellow; posterolateral corner of frons dark brown to base of inner vertical; orbital plate brown to base of posterior ors or level of posterior ori; dorsal 1/6–1/4 of anepisternum yellow; anepimeron and laterotergites darker; katepisternum yellow to level of bristle base or above, with only dorsomedial suture pale; mottling on femora wider and contiguous with basal spot; coxae more extensively brown with mid coxa entirely dark; legs rarely as dark as seen in L. langei , with only knees and distoventral surface of femora yellow. Intermediates between pale and dark colour “ types ” uncommon for females.

Genitalia: Figs 125–128 . As described for L. langei except as follows: gap present between base of hypophallus and sclerotized section of ejaculatory duct; swollen portion of ejaculatory duct usually parallel-sided and not bulging ventrobasally; distiphallus and mesophallus relatively dark with thick walls, and distal half of distiphallus and basal half of mesophallus bulging; ejaculatory apodeme with relatively broad, rounded blade that is weakly to very strongly sclerotized and with margin dark.

Hosts. See Table 1 for host genera.

Range. USA. California [unknown if populations established]. Canada. Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Nova Scotia [unknown if populations established]. Afrotropics: Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles. Neotropics: Argentina , Brazil, Belize, Chile (inc. Juan Fernandez Isl.), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guadeloupe (not established), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico ( Mexico State), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela. Palaearctic: Arabian Peninsula, Austria, Belgium, Crete, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, United Kingdom; eradicated from Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Asia/Pacific: Australia, China, Easter Island, Guam, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan.

Type material. Agromyza huidobrensis : Syntypes, ARGENTINA . Buenos Aries [not given], ex. Cineraria (? ♀, MLPA) [Not examined]. Liriomyza cucumifoliae : Syntypes, ARGENTINA . Buenos Aires, ex. melon (? ♀, MLPA) [Not examined]. Liriomyza decora : Syntypes, ARGENTINA . Buenos Aires, ex. Fava bean (2 ♀, MLPA) [Not examined].

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Campinas , vii.1960, on potato (A.S. Costa) (1♂ 1♀, CNC) , Faz. Sta. Elisa campinas, S.P., x.1962, C.J. Rossetto (1♀, CNC) , Mindano melanica (1♂, CNC) . CANADA. Alberta: Elkwater , 11.vi.1956, O. Peck (1♂, CNC) , British Columbia: Surrey , 16.ix.1994, host: celery, R. Costello (3♂ 1♀, CNC) , Nova Scotia: CBHNt Pk., Pleasant Bay , PG682873, 6.vi.1984, mixed forest, B.E. Cooper (1♂, CNC) , Ontario: Essex Co., Point Pelee N.P., Visitor Centre, malaise & pans, O. Lonsdale , 5–26.ix.2000 (1♀, DEBU) , 18.x–19.xi.2000 (1♀, DEBU) , Wellington Co., Guelph, U of Guelph colony, 27.x.2001, S. Goodfellow (1♂, DEBU) , Guelph , colony, 1.xi.2000, C. Mackinnon (1♂ 1♀, DEBU) , R. Bannister (1♂, DEBU) , University of Guelph, Env. Biol. , raised in colony, 17.iii.2005, S. Campbell (1♂ 1♀, DEBU) , Simcoe Co., Bradford , greenhouse, ii.2000, M. R. McDonald (4♂ 1♀, DEBU) , Ontario, ix.1999, ex. celery leaf mines, M. Ruth (3♂ 9♀, CNC) , Hamilton-Wentworth Reg., Flamborough, 5 th Conc. , Lawson Farm , 43°18’58”N, 80°02’26”W, alvar, yellow pans, 1.vi.2003, M. Buck (1♂, DEBU) . CHILE. La Cruz , iii.1966, leaf mine in Aster , leg. Rojas (1♂ 1♀ [same pin], CNC) , Ovalle , Coquimbo, 1.viii.1960, L. Pena (2♂, CNC) , Piscicultura, Aconcagua , 1600m, 11.xi.1963, L. Pena (2♂ 14♀, CNC) , Talca, Vegas del Flaco , 29.xi.1957, L.E. Pena (3♀, CNC) , Camarones , xi.1955 (1♀, CNC) , Coquimbo, Port tres Cruces, 1900m, L.E. Pena , 21.x.1957 (1♀, CNC) , Coquimbo, Port tres Cruces , 30.x.1957, L.E. Pena (1♂ 1♀, CNC) , 31.x.1957 (1♂ 1♀, CNC) , Coquimbo, Hda Illapel , 20.xi.1954, 18– 2200m, L.E. Pena (2♀, CNC) , Apoquindo, Santiago , ix.1953, L.E. Pena (1♂, CNC) , Coquimbo, Ovalle , 1.viii.1960, L.E. Pena (1♂, CNC) , Coquimbo, Huaquen , 26.vii.1960, L.E. Pena (1♂, CNC) . Tarapaca, Azapa, L.E. Pena , 8–10.xi.1955 (1♀, CNC) . PERU. Lima, leaves of Gypsophila , L-84-1007 (1♂, CNC) . USA. California: Alameda Co., Albany , U.C. Gill Tract, 13.ii.1968, G.L. Jensen (2♂ 2♀ 1?, CNC) , Ventura Co., West Flower Growers, Oxnard , import from Burnaby, BC, 3.xi.2008, ex. Dianthus (reared) (1♂, CNC) .

Comments. Liriomyza huidobrensis is so morphologically similar to L. langei , its putative sister species, that they were considered conspecific until only recently, with molecular data (Scheffer 2000; Scheffer & Lewis 2001) and rearing experiments ( Takano et al. 2008) convincingly supporting their separate specific status. One possible synonym of L. huidobrensis may be the Argentinean L. pagana (Malloch) , as suggested by Spencer (1982), but this problem is outside of the scope of the present study.

While the diagnostic morphological characters newly presented in this study can differentiate most specimens of Liriomyza huidobrensis and L. langei , the characters are subtle and sometimes overlapping, and molecular data should still be used to support identifications whenever possible. The molecular procedures recommended for the diagnosis of these two species are outlined in Scheffer et al. (2001, and in prep.). The Old World L. bryoniae (Kaltenbach) and L. strigata (Meigen) are also clearly allied to L. huidobrensis on the basis of the structure of the male phallus (see Spencer (1973a)), but they do not appear to be as closely related, as suggested by external colouration, chaetotaxy and overall genitalic morphology. The widespread North American L. trifoliearum also belongs to this group, but this species is paler and has one pair of distinct “wings” emerging from the anterolateral margins of the basiphallus that are likely homologous to the paraphalli. A thorough summary of host preference, life history, environmental tolerance, sexual selection and pesticide efficacy in L. huidobrensis and L. langei (as the “Californian population” of L. huidobrensis ) is provided in USDA (2008).

Externally, most Liriomyza huidobrensis can be diagnosed in part by two rows of sparse, scattered acrostichal setulae, but three sparse to four dense rows may sometimes be present in darker specimens. These darker specimens are frequently females, but all individuals of both sexes are darkly pigmented in the Chilean and western North American populations examined. This contrasts L. langei , which commonly has four to (less commonly) three dense rows of setulae between the presutural dorsocentrals, never two. With regards to the head, while virtually all specimens of both species have two well-developed ori, L. huidobrensis occasionally has the anterior bristle reduced and L. langei infrequently has three. With regards to colour, the pleuron and femora are paler in most L. huidobrensis , but darker specimens can be similar in appearance to paler L. langei , and several of the Californian and Chilean females have the predominantly dark brown femora typical of darker L. langei . Furthermore, while generally paler than L. langei , darker L. huidobrensis have a more extensively pigmented first flagellomere, which is occasionally only yellow along the basal margin. Lastly, the male genitalia of L. huidobrensis are often distinct from those of L. langei as described above.

Liriomyza langei is most commonly encountered in California, where it is particularly abundant around agricultural crops, but it has also been collected in Oregon and Washington. The latter two state records are possibly the result of human-facilitated introductions, as has been suggested for the disjunct Hawaiian populations (Scheffer 2000) and the unestablished Florida, Utah and Virginia populations ( Steck 1996). Liriomyza huidobrensis , conversely, is endemic to the cooler highland areas of the Neotropical Region ( Steck 1996), but it has been introduced with apparent ease via human activities throughout much of the World, including the United States, Canada, Europe, South Africa and Asia (Scheffer, 2000; Scheffer et al., 2001; USDA 2008). It is likely that L. huidobrensis is endemic to South America because it was not known from Central America until 1983 ( Spencer 1983; Scheffer 2005), although the possibility that this represents a collecting artifact cannot be entirely eliminated. Only L. huidobrensis has been confirmed as present in Mexico ( Hernández Regalado et al. 2009), although Takano et al. (2005) state that specimens of L. langei (as the “Californian clade”) were intercepted in Japan from a package originating from somewhere in that country. Anonymous (1996) reported L. huidobrensis from Mexico, French Guiana and the Canary Islands in their distributional map for that species, but removed these records in a subsequent revision ( Anonymous, 2002), stating that they could not be confirmed. Specimens of “ Liriomyza sp. ”, which could be representatives of either species, were collected in Tabasco and Mexico states on Cucumis and Dendranthema ( Marín Turriza et al. 1995, Huerta P. et al. 2003).

Figures

FIGURES 125–131. Figs 125–127: Figs 128–131: Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), male genitalia; 125: ejaculatory apodeme; 126: phallus, left lateral; 127: phallus, ventral; 128: external components, ventral. L. langei Frick, male genitalia; 129: phallus, left lateral; 130: phallus, ventral; 131: ejaculatory apodeme.