Padillothorax Simon, 1901

Maddison, Wayne P., Beattie, Imara, Marathe, Kiran, Ng, Paul Y. C., Kanesharatnam, Nilani, Benjamin, Suresh P. & Kunte, Krushnamegh, 2020, A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini), ZooKeys 1004, pp. 27-97 : 27

Padillothorax Simon, 1901

Padillothorax Simon, 1901. Type species Padillothorax semiostrinus Simon, 1901.

Bavirecta Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2018, syn. nov. Type species Bavirecta flavopuncta Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2018.

Species included.

Padillothorax badut Maddison, sp. nov.

Padillothorax casteti (Simon, 1900), comb. nov., transferred from Bavirecta

Padillothorax exilis (Cao & Li, 2016), comb. nov., transferred from Bavirecta

Padillothorax flavopunctus (Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2018), comb. nov., transferred from Bavirecta

Padillothorax mulu Maddison, sp. nov.

Padillothorax semiostrinus Simon, 1901

Padillothorax taprobanicus Simon, 1902

Notes.

The synonymy of Bavirecta with Padillothorax can be established now that the identity of the type species of the latter has been clarified (see below). The synapomorphies uniting them include the position of macrosetae on the first femur, flattened carapace, placement of fovea, pale thoracic “window” ( Kanesharatnam and Benjamin 2018), and palp form. The deep genetic divide seen in Fig. 3 between P. flavopunctus and the P. badut species group ( P. badut and P. mulu ) might permit us to divide this into more than one genus, but this is unnecessary and not yet justified. The known Padillothorax species together make a recognizable genus, holding together well through their synapomorphies. In addition, there is no known data guiding us as to how to divide them and maintain monophyly, as we see no strong evidence resolving the trichotomy ( P. semiostrinus , P. flavopunctus , P. badut + P. mulu ).

Diagnosis.

Distinctive for the macroseta(e) in the middle of the front surface of the first leg femur, the palp with narrow distally-pointing embolus, the pale trapezoidal “window” dorsally on the thorax ( Kanesharatnam and Benjamin 2018), and the flat carapace with fovea well posterior to the eyes. The first femur’s prolateral macrosetae, either one or two, are present in both males and females (Figs 32 , 33 ). While salticids usually have macrosetae dorsally or on the front surface distally (Figs 29-31 , 34 , 35 ), the more central location (more ventral and more basal, Figs 32 , 33 ) of Padillothorax is unusual, known from only a few other genera ( Epocilla , Padilla , some marpissines). The thoracic window is also different from the pale area on the top of the thorax seen in other baviines (e.g., Bavia nessagyna in alcohol), where it is neither as pale nor does it extend so far posteriorly as in Padillothorax . Stagetillus spp., and Maripanthus draconis have a pale thorax, but it is not framed by dark, as most of the thorax is pale. Palp is also distinctively simple: embolus narrow, pointing distally (i.e., appears erect in standard ventral view), fused to the tegulum, with no tegular fold covering its base as in Bavia and many Indopadilla . Epigynal openings anterior with simple copulatory ducts proceeding posteriorly. Abdomen with distinct transverse bands. First legs distinctly the longest. Male endite with lobe or sharp corner, unlike Indopadilla (whose endite is rounded, without lobes or corners).

Figures

Figures 1 - 3. Phylogeny. 1 Maximum Likelihood tree (best of 20 replicates) from combined data set of 1313 UCE loci, plus mitochondrial 16 SND 1 and COI regions, plus 28 S (dataset 4 in Methods). Baviines whose names are in bold, and all outgroups, have UCE data. Numbers are percentage of 500 bootstrap replicates showing the clade 2 Maximum Likelihood tree (best of 50 replicates) from concatenated data from 1313 UCE loci (dataset 1 in Methods). Numbers are percentage of 1000 bootstrap replicates showing the clade 3 Maximum Likelihood tree (best of 50 replicates) from concatenated data from mitochondrial data and 28 S (dataset 2 in Methods). Taxa in bold have data from the entire mitochondrial genome, or nearly so. Numbers are percentage of 1000 bootstrap replicates showing the clade for the full dataset ( 2), followed by the bootstrap percentage for the restricted mtDNA + 28 S dataset ( 3 in Methods). Spots at nodes show those clades that also appear in the ML tree in the restricted dataset. The branches to B. nessagyna and I. redynis are long, compacted visually by cutting and sliding part of the length over itself; the actual length therefore should be seen as longer by the length of the overlap.

Figures 4 - 35. Variation in traits among baviines 4, 5 oblique views of female prosoma 4 Bavia nessagyna (specimen IDWM. 20004; note convex front face of chelicerae, and typical thorax) 5 Indopadilla redunca (holotype IDWM. 20011; note concave front face of chelicerae, and thoracic bulges) 6 - 12 left male endite (9 also with chelicera) 6 Bavia nessagyna (holotype IDWM. 20005) 7 Indopadilla redunca (specimen SWK 12 - M 0009) 8 Stagetillus opaciceps (specimen JK. 08.08.19.0001) 9 Padillothorax semiostrinus (specimen JK. 20.06.20.001) 10 Padillothorax badut (specimen SWK 12 - 4688) 11 Maripanthus jubatus (specimen AS 19.4373) 12 Piranthus planolancis (specimen AS 19.5970) 13 - 20 carapace (all females except 15) 13 Bavia nessagyna (specimen IDWM. 20004) 14 Indopadilla redunca (holotype IDWM. 20011) 15 Stagetillus opaciceps male (specimen JK. 13.02.26.0017) 16 Stagetillus cf. opaciceps female (specimen MRB 079). 17 Padillothorax semiostrinus (specimen JK. 20.06.20.001) 18 Padillothorax mulu (from Mulu Nat. Pk.) 19 Maripanthus reinholdae (specimen SWK 12 - 1934) 20 Piranthus planolancis (specimen AS 19.5940) 21 - 28 Metatarsus of first leg, retrolateral view. All female except 24 male. All are of left legs except 23, 25, 28 which are of right leg, digitally flipped 21 Bavia nessagyna (specimen IDWM. 20004) 22 Indopadilla kahariana (specimen SWK 12 - 1876) 23 Stagetillus cf. opaciceps (specimen MRB 079) 24 Padillothorax semiostrinus (specimen SWK 12 - EP 0105) 25 Padillothorax mulu (specimen SWK 12 - EP 0105) 26 Maripanthus reinholdae (specimen SWK 12 - 1934) 27 Maripanthus draconis (from Gunung Belemut, Johor) 28 Piranthus planolancis (specimen AS 19.5940) 29 - 35 prolateral surface of male first leg femur. 29 Bavia cf. capistrata (specimen from Singapore) 30 Indopadilla kahariana (specimen from Lambir Hills Nat. Pk.) 31 Stagetillus opaciceps (specimen JK. 08.08.19.0001) 32 Padillothorax semiostrinus (specimen JK. 20.06.20.001) 33 Padillothorax badut (specimen SWK 12 - 4688) 34 Maripanthus draconis (specimen from Johor, Gunung Lambak) 35 Piranthus bakau (holotype). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (6 - 12, 21 - 35), 1.0 mm (4, 5, 13 - 20).