Graphium chironides malayanum, Eliot, 1982

Phon, Chooi-Khim, Kirton, Laurence G. & Kuah, Meng-Kiat, 2024, Morphological and genetic analyses verify the occurrence of the butterfly Graphium chironides (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Peninsular Malaysia and resolve the confusion on the validity of its subspecies malayanum Eliot, 1982, European Journal of Taxonomy 917 (1), pp. 94-121 : 113

Graphium chironides malayanum (male)

Wings ( Fig. 13a ): upperside forewing with the pale blue discal markings comparatively broad, especially in spaces 3 to 5, the spot in space 5 at least 2.0 mm wide at its widest extent. Spot width in space 4 at least 3.5 mm, and spot in space 3 exceeding 5.0 mm. Forewing apex less falcate and less pointed than in G. b. bathycloides. Hindwing upperside and underside usually with a bluish streak at base of space 1b. Hindwing underside pale blue spot at the base of space 3 always present, 1.0– 2.5 mm long (but see measurements for G. b. bathycloides). Genitalia ( Figs 5c–d , 6e–h , 7f–j , 8f–j ): harpe with middle arm located about midway between the upper and lower arms. Upper arm of harpe very small, being reduced to almost a tooth. Middle arm of harpe very broad and somewhat quadrate with teeth and serrations on its distal margin. Lower arm of harpe relatively long, moderately incurved and directed posteroventrally, tapering to a point towards the apex.

Figures

Fig. 13. Upperside (left) and underside (right) of the two taxa. a. Graphium chironides malayanum Eliot, 1982. b. G. bathycles bathycloides (Honrath, [1884]).

Fig. 5. Genitalia. a–b. G. b. bathycloides (Honrath, [1884]). c–d. G. c. malayanum Eliot, 1982. a, c. Left lateral view of genitalia with left valva removed and aedeagus angled posteroventrally to show harpe on right valva. b, d. Inner lateral view of dissected left valva with valvula and hairs that surround the aedeagus dissected and upturned to expose inner surface of valva. Conventions used are defined here for all subsequent genitalia figures. All images for each taxon are based on the same specimen, unless otherwise stated. Scales for images produced by EFI are based on the lowermost focal plane unless otherwise stated and show a compensation factor for measurements in the uppermost focal plane (positive percentage). Where the scale is not based on the lowermost focal plane, an additional compensation factor is provided for this focal plane (negative percentage). Magnifications shown are objective × tube factor. Axes show the orientation of structures. Abbreviations: ∠ = angle of inclination stated in degrees (with ‘+’ indicating upward tilt, and ‘-’ indicating downward tilt); A = antero/anterior; D = dorso/dorsal; I = inner; L = lateral; O = outer; P = postero/posterior; V = ventro/ventral. Where not otherwise indicated, all scales, magnifications, orientations and angles of inclination are identical between corresponding images on the same row.

Fig. 6. Structure of the uncus, saccus and paired valvae. a–d. G. b. bathycloides (Honrath, [1884]). e–h. G. c. malayanum Eliot, 1982. a, e. Left lateral view of uncus. b, f. Posterodorsal view of uncus. c, g. Ventral view of saccus and sacculus (within the saccus) seen through the abdominal sternites. d, h. Posterodorsal view of entire genitalia showing paired valvae with the arms of the harpe curving inwards towards each other. Scales, magnifications, orientation axes and angles as explained in Fig. 5. Image (d) is not based on the same specimen of G. b. bathycloides as the other images.

Fig. 7. Structure of the left harpe. a–e. G. b. bathycloides (Honrath, [1884]). f–j. G. c. malayanum Eliot, 1982. a–b, f–g. Inner dorsolateral view. c, h. Inner lateral view. d, i. Outer lateral view. e, j. Posterior view. The harpe is shown within theentire valva in images (a) and (f), and after dissection from the valva in all other images. Scales, magnifications and orientation axes as explained in Fig. 5. The scale shown in (g) applies to the tip of the ventral arm of the harpe (also for all images in the same row).

Fig. 8. Variation in the harpe of the left valva seen at an inner anterolateral angle of 45° in five specimens each. a–e. G. b. bathycloides (Honrath, [1884]). f–j. G. c. malayanum Eliot, 1982. Scales, magnification, orientation axis and angles as explained in Fig. 5.