Orobanche lutea Baumgarten (1816: 215)

Piwowarczyk, Renata, Pedraja, Óscar Sánchez, Moral, Gonzalo Moreno, Fayvush, George, Zakaryan, Narine, Kartashyan, Nune & Aleksanyan, Alla, 2019, Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems, Phytotaxa 386 (1), pp. 1-106 : 55-58

6. Orobanche lutea Baumgarten (1816: 215) . Type:— ROMANIA (it has been reported by Gilli 1982: 20): “In Transsilvania, in pratis montosis siccioribusque ubique”, [leg. Baumgarten] (CL [herbaria with the Baumgarten collection]). Heterotypic synonyms:— O. rubens Wallroth (1822: 307) ; O. medicaginis Duby (1828: 349) ; O. buekiana Koch (1844: 619) ; O. hians Steven (1857: 354) ; O. linczevskyi Novopokrovskij (1950: 327) . Fig. 33D .

Distribution: —The most common broomrape in Armenia, occurs in almost all regions of the country, especially in the eastern (Gegharkunik prov.), southern (Vayots Dzor prov.) and south-eastern parts (Syunik prov.) ( Fig. 38).

General distribution: —It occurs from western Europe through central, southern, Caucasus, Asia Minor, Iran to central Asia.

Habitat: —Steppe, rocky, loamy, grassy slopes, meadows, edges of fields, alfalfa plantations, clover fields, abandoned fields, vineyards, roadsides, ruderal habitats, railway embankments, edges of forests. As can be seen on the map of distribution ( Fig. 38), its occurence often overlaps with the system of road communication routes, where it prefers slopes on the roadside. Perhaps along the roads the hosts are weakened by exhaust and the parasite infects them more easily, as well as in these disturbed habitats, the seeds are easily burried, and have acces to host roots. Higher temperature and air currents produced by passing vehicles might also contribute to seed dispersal. The elevation range is very diverse, usually (650)1500‒2000(2500) m.

Hosts: —Parasitic exclusively on Fabaceae (mainly on Medicago sp. , M. sativa L., rarely Lotus sp. , Trifolium sp. ).

Phenology: —Flowering May to June (July), fruiting (June) July–August.

Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). The species has rather wide distribution in Armenia (8 floristic regions). Populations vary from several to several hundred individuals.

Notes: —A polymorphic species with usually numerous and differentiated populations. Several varieties and forms have been described. Many of these forms and varieties are observed in Armenia. However, they are a definitely smaller group within typical plants in populations. Their taxonomic importance is probably low and colour/morphology depends largely on sun exposure, host condition and soil parameters.

Specimens examined: — ARMENIA. Aragatsotn prov.: Byurakan, 21 June 1959, B. Bramyan (ERCB); Byurakan, 11 June 1967, A. Melikyan (ERCB); Byurakan, 28 May 1969, A. Melikyan (ERE); N Byurakan in the direction of the peak Aragats Mt., roadsides, steppes, rocky places, 40°22’27”N, 44°15’42”E, 1960 m, 8 July 2015, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Amberd, 20 June 1971, A. Asyaturyan (ERCB); Aragats – Amberd, 22 June 1967, A. Melikyan (ERCB) [as O. vulgaris by T. Tsaturyan]; miedieval castle Amberd, 20 June 2016, phot. T. Baas; SE of Tatul, rocky slopes, 40°23’00”N, 43°49’39”E, 1580 m, 11 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); Ararat prov.: SEE of Shaghap, slopes, 39°51’39”N, 44°55’44”E, 1500 m, 13 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Shaghap and Lanjanist, slopes near the road, 39°51’41”N, 44°56’13”E, 1570 m, 39°51’38”N, 44°56’35”E, 1640 m, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Lusashogh and Lanjar, steppe, rocky slopes, roadsides, 39°50’10”N, 44°58’09”E, 1970 m, 13 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); E of Lanjar, Urts Mt., steppe, slopes, roadsides, meadows, edges of fields, 39°49’52”N, 44°56’19”E, 1910 m, 13 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); S of Urtsalanj, slopes near the main road, 39°49’10”N, 44°59’58”E, 1770–1790 m, 13 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); W and E of Zangakatun, roadsides, 39°49’03”N, 45°01’58”E, 1640 m, 14 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Gegharkunik prov.: between Semyonovka and Tsovagyugh, rocky grasslands, on slope with southwestern exposure, 2005 m, 9 July 2015, 7 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); E of Tsovagyugh, W of Arevik pension, railway embankment, roadsides, 40°36’58”N, 45°02’09”E, 1928 m, 9 July 2015, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); N part of Lake Sevan, Tsovagyugh E, rocky slope, SW exposure, 40°37’56”N, 44°58’54”E, 1945 m, 9 July 2015, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC), July 2017, vid. R. Piwowarczyk; NNE of Yeranos, rocky slopes, 40°15’04”N, 45°12’23”E, 1930 m, 6 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); N of Aghberk, road to Chambarak, slopes, 40°32’43”N, 45°16’13”N, 2100 m, 7 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NWW of Aghberk, slope near the main road, 40°32’09”N, 45°14’11”E, 1975 m, 29 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NW of Drakhtik, rocky slope, 40°33’05”N, 45°12’18”E, 1950 m, 7 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); SW of Semyonovka, slopes near road to Dilijan, 40°38’29”N, 44°55’24”E, 2050 m, 7 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); between Tsamakaberd and Sevanavank, slopes, near the railway track, roadsides near the main road, 40°33’47”N, 44°59’38”E, 1925 m, 9 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); SE of Noratus, rocky slopes, roadsides, 40°19’23”N, 45°12’57”E, 1915 m, 10 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Tsovazard N part, roadside, hills in the village, 40°29’04”N, 45°02’33”E, 1932 m, 23 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Tsovazard and Norashen, side road, rocky hills, roadsides, 40°29’46”N, 45°01’53”E, 1940 m, 23 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NE of Norabak, roadsides, slopes, 40°09’41”N, 45°51’50”E, 2095 m, 40°09’33”N, 45°52’12”E, 2110 m, 25 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); NNW of Areguni, rocky slopes, roadsides, 40°20’53”N, 45°36’13”E, 2150 m, 25 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S and SE of Artanish, roadsides, embankments along railway tracks, 40°29’09”N, 45°22’38”E, 1930 m, 25 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Vardenik, steppe, meadows, roadsides, 40°03’58”N, 45°27’25”E, 2415 m, 40°03’22”N, 45°27’21”E, 2440 m, 28 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); N of Ttujur, slopes, meadows, near the road to Ttujia Pass, 40°39’05”N, 45°18’18”E, 1790 m, 29 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Shorzha, 10 June 1957, M. Sarkisyan (ERCB); Distr. Novo Bajazet [Gavar], prope Elenovka [Sevan], 6800’, 4 July 1928, O. Zedelmeyer (ERCB, ERE); Sevan Lake, 26 June 1969, B. Dildaryan (ERCB); Sevan. distr., Tsamakaberd, 29 June 1956, E. Gabrielyan (ERE); National Park “Sevan”, between Sevan and Akhtamar, [40°34’28”N, 44°59’46”E], 27 June 1987, P. Gambaryan & K. Gambaryan (ERE); Kotayk prov.: between Garni and Havuts Tar monastery, rocky slopes, 40°07’13”N, 44°45’51”E, 1555 m, 25 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Garni, in the vineyard, 22 June 1952, E. Gevorkyan (ERCB); NE of Fantan, slopes, hills, meadows, 40°24’24”N, 44°42’21”E, 1835 m, 6 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); Fantan, 26 June 1965, B. Dildaryan (ERCB); Fantan, 26 June 1965, E. Gevorkyan (ERCB); Fantan, 26 June 1965, B. Bramyan (ERCB); Fantan, 6 July 1968, S.B. Grigoryan (ERE); Abovian distr. [Hrasdan distr.], vicinity of Kaghsi vil., [40°28’15”N, 44°44’09”E], 10 June 1956, M. Sarkisyan (ERCB); Kotayk marz [Hrasdan distr.], N Kaghsi, gorge, stony places, [40°28’50”N, 44°43’56”E], 19 June 1958, K.G. Avakyan (ERE); [Hrasdan distr.] Tsahkadzor, North-East slope of Tehenis range [40°32’14”N, 44°40’06”E], 26 June 1985, S. K. Avakyan & S.B. Grigoryan (ERCB); Arzakan, 24 June 1955, B. Bramyan (ERCB); Lori prov.: S of Shenavan, steppe slope, 40°51’41”N, 44°14’06”E, 1645 m, 10 July 2015, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Ajrut, steppe slope, 40°51’03”N, 44°23’12”E, 1470 m, 10 July 2015, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NW of Shirakamut, in direction to Trchkan fall, rocky slopes, roadsides, 40°52’45”N, 44°08’27”E, 1885 m, 40°53’29”N, 44°07’40”E, 1925 m, 23 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); N of Shirakamut, NE of Trchkan fall, in direction to Karegah Mt., slopes, 40°56’07”N, 44°07’08”E, 1965 m, 23 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); Stepanavan, (from kolkhoz’s garden) [41°00’50”N, 44°22’22”E], 24 August 1963, Gevorkyan (ERCB); Shirak prov.: W of Lusaghbyur in direction to the pass, slopes near the road, 40°51’51”N, 44°00’48”E, ca. 1900 m, 40°51’54”N, 44°00’30”E, 1915 m, 11 July 2015, 21 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); SSE of Saralanj in direction to Zohnasar Mt., grassy and rocky slopes, roadsides, meadows, 40°36’40”N, 44°03’51”E, 2200 m, 11 July 2015, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); E of Haykadzor, steppe, edges of the fields, hills, near main road to Gyumri, 40°32’10”N, 43°41’39”E, 1550 m, 11 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); N of Musayelyan, slopes near the road, 41°00’19”N, 43°56’21”E, 2080 m, 23 July 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); [Ani distr.] to N-W from Bagravan vil., sloping very stony east slope, 1490 m, [40°28’42”N, 43°40’15”E], Ja. Mulkidjanyan (ERCB); Jajur pass, slopes near pine plantation in the community with Asphodeline taurica , on Lotus , 40°52’18”N, 43°59’38”E, 1950 m, 2017, A. Alexanyan (ERE, phot.); Syunik prov.: slope near the side road from Sisian to Shaki, to Shaki fall, 39°32’50”N, 46°00’11”E, 1615 m, 30 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); SW of Tasik, rocky slope, 39°26’16”N, 45°56’39”E, 1775 m, 30 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); NE of Arevik, rocky slopes, in direction to Tasik, 30 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Arevis, rocky slope and roadside in the village, 39°24’18”N, 45°54’09”E, 1890 m, 30 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Tatev and Aghvani, rocky slope, 39°21’57”N, 46°16’44”E, 1860 m, 1 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); E of Lichk, slopes near the road, 39°03’19”N, 46°11’11”E, 1775 m, 3 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Gomarants Pass, rocky slope, 38°59’25”N, 46°22’18”E, 1490 m, 4 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Karut, rocky slope, 39°15’10”N, 46°08’04”E, 1780 m, 39°15’27”N, 46°07’44”E, 1840 m, 15 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); E part of Karut, slope into the village, 39°16’15”N, 46°07’02”E, 1960 m, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Ajabaj and Nor Astghaberd, slopes over the huts, 39°14’54”N, 46°05’57”E, 1850 m, 16 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); SE of Lernadzor, road to Pukhrut, slopes, 39°09’21”N, 46°12’30”E, 1610 m, 16 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); rocky slope at the beginning of the side road from Lichk to the Chgnavor Mt., 39°01’42”N, 46°12’21”E, 1420 m, 17 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); slopes near the road to Chgnavor Mt. and village Vank, 39°02’02”N, 46°12’57”E, 1600 m, 39°02’23”N, 46°13’41”E, 1720–1820 m, 17 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NNW of Vank, rocky, loamy slope, 39°03’02”N, 46°14’47”E, 1930 m, 17 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NE of Vank, rocky slope, 39°03’28”N, 46°15’34”E, 2000 m, 17 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NNW of Kaler, rocky slope, grassy slope, 39°03’58”N, 46°16’24”E, 2165 m, 17 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Vorotan, rocky slope near the road, 39°24’38”N, 46°23’15”E, 1300 m, 19 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); NNW of Ishkhanasar, steppe slope, roadsides, 39°34’36”N, 46°02’11”E, 1895 m, 19 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); Kafan [Kapan] distr., v. Hand Nerkin, N-E slope, 750 m, [39°03’25”N, 46°31’37”E], 29 May 1960, M. Grigoryan (ERCB); Kafan [Kapan] distr., Shikahoh State Reserve, v. Hand Nerkin, N-E slope, 750 m, [39°03’25”N, 46°31’37”E], 29 May 1960, M. Grigoryan (ERCB); Meghri, clover field, 30 June 1948, A. Tumanyan (ERE); area 7.4 km WSW of Sisian, slope N of small valley c. 2.1 km WNW of Brnakot, dry stony slope with fragments of meadows, 39°30’6”N, 45°56’59”E, 1830 m, 21 June 2011, E. Vitek, G. Fayvush, K. Tamanyan, M. Oganesian & K. Margaryan (ERE); ArmSSR, [Syunik marz] right shore of Megriget river, near commandant’s office, clover field, [38°54’48”N, 46°13’36”E], 30April 1948, Ja. Mulkidjanyan (ERE); Tavush prov.: between Dilijan and Teghut, near Getap Complex Hotel, rocky slopes, roadsides, edges of forest, 40°45’36”N, 44°54’19”E, 1160 m, 9 June 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); S part of Dilijan, roadsides, edges of forest, W and NW of Kamo Str. and Haghartsin Hotel, 40°41’48”N, 44°50’55”E, 1560 m, 26 July 2017, 40°42’01”N, 44°50’52”E, 1570 m, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); Shamshadin distr. [Berd distr.], Norashen vil. [40°52’35”N, 45°27’40”E], 19 June 1971, G. Sahakyan (ERCB); Shamshadin distr. [Berd distr.], Berd town vil., [40°52’43”N, 45°23’32”E], 19 June 1971, G. Sahakyan (ERCB); 30 km N of Lake Sevan, 19 June 1966, A. Melikyan (ERCB); area E of Berd, road from Berd to Aygedzor, between Ghrghi and Karmir aghbyur, meadow, rocks, 40°51’57”N, 45°26’41”E, 1220 m, 29 May 2006, M. Oganesian, H. Ter-Voskanian & E. Vitek (ERE, W); area E of Berd, Aygedzor, end of village, meadow with bushes, 40°50’48”N, 45°33’28”E, 670 m, 29 May 2006, M. Oganesian, H. Ter-Voskanian & E. Vitek (ERE, W); Vayots Dzor prov.: area ca. 13 km E of Vayk, near Artavan, ca. 1.5 km SW from village, dry slope above rocks, 39°39’07”N, 45°36’17”E, 1970 m, 18 June 2009, M. Oganesian, H.Ter-Voskanyan, K.Kugler & E. Vitek, 09-1405 (ERE, NY,W); NW of Artavan rocky slopes, 39°40’22”N, 45°35’36”E, 1710 m, 27 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Herher, W slopes of the Herher Reservoir, rocky slopes, 39°43’04”N, 45°32’38”E, 1470 m, 28 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Herher, rocky slopes, 39°45’04”N, 45°32’30”E, 1560 m, 39°45’50”N, 45°32’22”E, 1640 m, 20 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); W part of Herher, alfalfa field, 39°46’18”N, 45°32’00”E, 1715 m, 20 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); NW of Noravank monastery in direction to Areni, roadsides, rocky slope, 39°41’23”N, 45°13’13”E, 1330 m, 29 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Agarakadzor, in direction to Gnishik, rocky, dry slope, 39°43’10”N, 45°21’09”E, 1225 m, 29 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NE of Zedea, rocky slopes, 39°42’17”N, 45°24’48”E, 1360 m, 31 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NE of Gnishik, rocky slope, 39°40’25”N, 45°18’24”E, 2130 m, 31 May 2016, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); between Saravan and Saralanj, slopes near the road, 39°42’55”N, 45°39’29”E, 1770 m, 19 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); between Herher and Karmrashen, rocky hills, roadsides, 39°48’14”N, 45°31’41”E, 2020 m, 20 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); NW of Karmrashen, steppe slope, fields, fallow lands, roadsides, 39°50’17”N, 45°29’50”E, 2080 m, 20 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); E of Karmrashen in direction to Vayots Mt., hills, roadsides, 39°48’48”N, 45°31’33”E, 2080 m, 20 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S of Salli, slopes, 39°52’09”N, 45°16’27”E, 1470 m, 21 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); N of Aghnjadzor, rocky slopes near the road, 39°54’51”N, 45°14’30”E, 1700 m, 39°55’39”N, 45°14’08”E, 1970 m, 21 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); NW of Martiros, roadside, 39°36’00”N, 45°29’33”E, 1900 m, 21 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); S part of Martiros, steppe, grassy slope, 39°35’37”N, 45°30’12”E, 2020 m, 21 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); NW of Gndevaz, slope near the road, 39°46’12”N, 45°37’43”E, 1910 m, 22 June 2017, R. Piwowarczyk (ERCB, KTC); area SSE of Vayk, SE of Martiros, at lake Chimoi, meadow besides lake, 39°35’48”N, 45°31’20”E, 2010 m, 15 June 2009, M. Oganesian, H. Ter-Voskanyan, K. Kugler & E. Vitek 09-1405 (NY 2763501, W 0030458).

Locality difficult to determine: ArmSSR, clover field on the Arax river shore, 19 July 1950, Tumanyan (ERE).

Figures

FIGURE 33. General habit of: A. Orobanche coerulescens, B. O. cernua, C. O. grenieri, D. O. lutea, E. O. caryophyllacea, F. O. zajaciorum. Photos by Renata Piwowarczyk.