Phelipanche ramosa

Piwowarczyk, Renata, Pedraja, Óscar Sánchez, Moral, Gonzalo Moreno, Fayvush, George, Zakaryan, Narine, Kartashyan, Nune & Aleksanyan, Alla, 2019, Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems, Phytotaxa 386 (1), pp. 1-106 : 46-49

15. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (1874: 103). Type:—EUROPE (lectotype designated by Foley 2001: 231):— Orobanche 2 [Europe, Netherlands, Hort. Cliff. 321] (BM-000646204!). Basionym:— Orobanche ramosa Linnaeus (1753: 633) . Fig. 11I .

Distribution: —Mainly in northeastern (Tavush province), rarely in central (Kotayk and Aragatsotn provinces) and sporadically in southeastern parts (Syunik province) ( Fig. 32).

General distribution: —Widespread species, Europe (mainly central and southern Europe, also in eastern and southeastern Europe, more rarely in other European regions), Africa (northern and eastern Africa, more rarely in other regions, such as southern Africa), Asia Minor, Caucasus to central Asia, America ( USA, Mexico, Cuba and Chile), while it still needs to be confirmed in southwestern Australia ( Carlón et al. 2005: 66, sub P. mutelii ).

Habitat: —In cultivated areas, mainly tobacco plantations. Not excluded in ruderal areas, gardens, as well as on wild hosts.

Hosts: —Parasitic almost exclusively on cultivated plants, here mainly on Nicotiana tabacum L. ( Solanaceae ) (verified herbarium materials with attached tobacco), probably also on Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. [ Solanum lycopersicum L.], S. melongena L., Capsicum L., as well as Cannabis sativa L. ( Cannabaceae ) and others various cultivated plants, however needs confirmation. In herbarium materials (ERCB) specimens were found attached to roots of Hibiscus trionum L. ( Malvaceae ), and annotation that this was in a tobacco plantation. During an interview with the local people, we heard that they were seen as a pepper parasite, but this needs confirmation.

Phenology: —Flowering (June) end of August–September, fruiting (August) September–October.

Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). The species has rather wide distribution in Armenia (4 floristic regions). In many parts of its general distribution it is a noxious weed of important agricultural cultures, infesting crops - mainly tobacco and potato. Populations in Armenia need further observation to determine its virulence and current monitoring (especially in regions with tobacco plantations).

Notes: —It is often confused with similar Phelipanche species (e.g., P. nana or P. aegyptiaca ), so its general distribution needs to be revised.

Specimens examined:— ARMENIA. Aragatsotn prov.: Byurakan village, 11 June 1967, A. Melikyan (ERCB); Kotayk prov.: Kotayk distr., [with tobacco], 1957, M. Sarkisyan (ERCB) [difficult to locate]; Fantan – Ahta, in plantings wheat, 8 June 1964, T. Tsaturyan (ERCB); Abovyan region, tobacco plantation, on Hibiscus trionum [probably on Nicotiana , but perhaps occasionally on Hibiscus by proximity], 25 September 1974, Eghiazaryan (ERCB) [as O. bungeana by S. Grigoryan]; Syunik prov.: Kapan distr., Bartasskiy reserve, Srashen, 900 m, NE slope, [with tobacco], 12 September 1959, M. Grigoryan (ERE, ERCB); Tavush prov.: Idjevan, Uzuntala [Aygehovit], tobacco crops, 12 July 1955, Amirdshanyan (ERCB, ERE); Noyemberyan distr., at the exit from the village Kohn [Koghb], [with tobacco], 18 September 1964, B. Dildaryan (ERCB); Idjevan distr., village Verin Agdan, 14 May 1958, R. Ovakimyan (ERCB); Revazlu viilage [Ditavan], 15 August 1959 (ERCB); Noyemberyan distr., Jujevan village, in sowing of wheat and tobacco, 1957, B. Bramyan (ERCB); Berd, tobacco crops, 8 September 1946, Aslanyan (ERE); Tandzut, 12 September 1971, G. Saanyan (ERCB); Tauz [Tavuz], tobacco crops, 8 July 1957 (ERCB).

Information obtained during interviews with local people: Tavush prov.: Aygehovit, garden near home, on tomato, probably also on pepper; Ijevan, tomato near garden, probably also on eggplant brushes; but it needs confirmation.

Identification key for Phelipanche species of Armenia

1. Stems simple. Inflorescence ± densely white arachnoid-villous to lanate ........................................................................................ 2 +. Stems simple or branched. Inflorescence minutely puberulent to short pilose ................................................................................. 3 2. Stems 7–12(23) cm, yellowish brown or dark violet. Inflorescence 2.5–6(8) cm ............................................................................ 4 +. Stems (12)16–25(35) cm, yellowish brown, violet or greyish-blue. Inflorescence (6)8–15(22) cm ................................................ 5 4. Calyx-teeth longer than tube ............................................................................................................................................. P. coelestis +. Calyx-teeth equalling or shorter than tube ........................................................................................................................................ 6 6. Inflorescence loose, short-cylindrical. Flowers erect to suberect. Bracts shorter than calyx. Calyx 12–15 mm, teeth lanceolate with

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an acute apex, not weak, equalling or shorter than tube................................................................................................. P. bungeana Inflorescence dense, capitate to subcapitate. Flowers erecto-patent. Bracts equalling the calyx. Calyx 9–12 mm, teeth linear-lanceolate with a subulate apex, weak, equalling the tube .............................................................................................. P. pulchella Stems yellowish brown or ± violet. Inflorescence with rounded apex. Flowers patent (usually curved forward). Bracts equalling the calyx................................................................................................................................................................................. P. caesia Stems dark violet, violet or greyish-blue. Inflorescence with ± acute apex. Flowers erect to erecto-patent (not curved forward). Bracts shorter or longer than calyx.................................................................................................................................................... 7 Stems greyish-blue. Inflorescence with acute and not comose apex. Flowers erect. Bracts (16) 17–18 mm, longer than calyx. Calyx-teeth slightly shorter than tube. Corolla (24–)28–30(–31) mm....................................................................................... P. zangezuri Stems dark violet. Inflorescence with acute and ± comose apex. Flowers erecto-patent. Bracts (9.0–)10–11(–12) mm, shorter than calyx. Calyx-teeth longer than tube. Corolla (15–)19–20(–22) mm ............................................................................ P. hajastanica Calyx 5‒11(–12) mm. Corolla 10‒18(–19) mm. Parasitic on Rosaceae and other families ............................................................. 8 Calyx (7‒) 8‒21 mm. Corolla (15‒) 17‒35 mm. Parasitic on other families ( Apiaceae , Asteraceae and Lamiaceae , never on Rosaceae )........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Stems up to 40(–60) cm, usually ± robust, branched (branches erect, clustered, almost parallel to the stem) or sometimes simple. Scales 7‒12(–20) × (3–) 4–7 mm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, usually numerous and conspicuous. Inflorescences dense and multiflorous, with acute and ± comose apex. Bracts (6–)8‒10.5(–12) mm, often reflexed. Calyx (7–)9‒11(–12) mm. Corolla with upper lip deeply 2-lobed, lobes erect, triangular-lanceolate with subulate apex; lower lip deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute. Anthers ± densely hairy. Parasitic on Rosaceae ( Prunus [ Amygdalus ]) ............................................................... P. libanotica Stems up to 35 cm, usually ± slender, branched (branches erecto-patent to patent, usually not clustered) or simple. Scales 3‒9(– 12) × (1.5–) 2–3 mm, ovate-lanceolate, usually sparse and not conspicuous. Inflorescences lax and multiflorous or dense and few-flowered, with ± rounded and not comose apex. Bracts 4–8 mm, not reflexed. Calyx 4‒9(–12) mm. Corolla with upper lip emarginate or ± deeply 2-lobed, lobes erecto-patent to porrect, ovate-lanceolate acute (without subulate apex); lower lip deeply 3-lobed, lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. Anthers glabrous (rarely with a few hairs at base). Parasitic on other families (never on Rosaceae )............................................................................................................................................................ 10 Stem 6‒25 cm (rarely more), simple or branched. Inflorescence usually dense. Flowers patent (rarely erecto-patent), blue to violet (deep or less frequently pale). Calyx-teeth longer than tube, triangular-lanceolate with subulate to filiform apex. Parasitic on wild plants....................................................................................................................................................................................... P. nana Stem 17‒35 cm (rarely less), branched or occasionally simple. Inflorescence usually lax. Flowers erect, pale blue to lilac. Calyx-teeth equalling or shorter than tube, triangular with acute apex. Parasitic on cultivated plants ......................................... P.ramosa Flowers pale-bluish or yellow to yellowish-white. Calyx-teeth shorter than tube. Parasitic on Lamiaceae ....................... P. cilicica Flowers ± intense bluish, violet or bluish-rosaceus (very rarely yellow to yellowish-white). Calyx-teeth longer than or sometimes equalling the tube. Parasitic on other families (never on Lamiaceae )............................................................................................. 11 Calyx (7‒) 9‒14 mm, teeth longer than tube. Corolla (15‒) 16‒21 mm. Parasitic on Asteraceae ( Centaurea or Lactuca ) .............. 12 Calyx 8‒21 mm; teeth longer than or sometimes equalling the tube. Corolla 17‒35 mm. Parasitic on Apiaceae or Asteraceae ( Artemisia or Achillea ) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Stem relatively thin and frequently covered with few scales. Inflorescence lax, relatively few-flowered. Flowers usually patent. Calyx 9‒15 mm, gray-violaceous to violaceous, more rarely creamy. Corolla pale grayish-blue, ± deep blue to violaceus. Parasitic on Lactuca ........................................................................................................................................................................... P. cernua Stem relatively thick and frequently covered with numerous scales. Inflorescence dense, many flowered. Flowers usually erect, more rarely erecto-patent. Calyx (7‒) 9‒11 mm, creamy to light yellowish-brown. Corolla pale, bluish-violaceus or bluish-rosaceus. Parasitic on Centaurea ............................................................................................................................................... P. portoilicitana Stems branched or simple. Calyx-teeth conspicuously longer than tube and narrowly lanceolate with subulate to filiform apices. Parasitic on Apiaceae ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Stems always simple. Calyx-teeth longer than or equalling the tube and narrowly lanceolate with acute or subulate apices. Parasitic on Asteraceae .................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Stems yellowish, usually concolor with scales, bracts and calyx. Inflorescence usually shorter than the rest of the stem. Bracts (3.8–)4.5–5.0(–6.0) mm wide, triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, usually shorter than the calyx. Corolla tubular-infundibuliform (clearly widened at the mouth), whitish to white-violet with lobes darker blue to blue-violet inside. Anthers distinctly long hairy. Parasitic on Heracleum .................................................................................................................................................. P. sevanensis Stems violet to blue, rarely yellowish, usually discolor with scales, bracts and calyx. Inflorescence usually longer, or as long as, the rest of the stem. Bracts (2.5–)3.0–3.5(–3.8) mm wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, slightly shorter or as long as the calyx. Corolla tubular (slightly infundibuliform in distal part), ± uniformly violet to blue. Anthers usually glabrous with sparse (sometimes denser) shorter hairs. Parasitic on Eryngium ............................................................................................. P. heldreichii Stem with numerous, triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, scales up to 20(‒25) mm long. Flowers erect to erecto-patent. Calyx 11‒18(‒21) mm; teeth, narrow-lanceolate and subulate, longer than or sometimes equalling the tube. Corolla (18‒)21‒35(‒38) mm, ± tubular-infundibuliform, usually without darker longitudinal nerves. Anthers ± densely hairy. Parasitic on Artemisia .......... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... P. arenaria Stem with sparse, lanceolate to narrowly-lanceolate, scales up to 15(‒20) mm long. Flowers erecto-patent to patent. Calyx 8‒16 mm; teeth narrow-lanceolate, equalling the tube. Corolla 17‒23(‒25) mm, ± tubular, usually with darker longitudinal nerves. Anthers glabrous (rarely sparsely hairy at sutures). Parasitic on Achillea ..................................................................... P. purpurea

Genus Orobanche Linnaeus (1753: 632)

Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, holoparasitic, achlorophyllous. Stem simple, with scattered scales. Flowers usually numerous, sessile or short-pedicellate, with one bract, bracteoles are absent. Calyx divided to the base into two lateral, entire or bidentate segments, rarely gamosepalous or campanulate. Corolla campanulate or tubular-campanulate, rarely tubular or infundibuliforum, bilabiate, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, usually brownish, reddish, yellowish, pinkish, very rarely blue or violet to whitish, with two, usually glabrous folds. Stamens 4 inserted in the lower parts of corolla tube, anthers glabrous or hairy. Ovary 1-locular, ovate or cylindrical, placentae 4. Style elongated, usually persistent, lateral opening, stigma 2-4-lobed, usually yellow, orange, red, brown or rarely whitish. Pollen usually inaperturate with granulate sculpture of the exine. Capsule ovoid-globose, or ellipsoid, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds numerous, small, oblongoid, elipsoid, to globose, with reticulate testa with pitted ornamentation of the periclinal wall.

About 150 species occur mostly in the northern hemisphere, in temperate regions of Europe, especially in the Mediterranean Basin, western and central Asia, north Africa, less represented in North America. Parasitise roots of numerous species.

Figures

FIGURE 11. General habit of: A. Phelipanche caesia, B. P. zangezuri, C. P. hajastanica, D. P. purpurea, E. P. heldreichii, F. P. arenaria, G. P. nana, H. P. sevanensis, I. P. ramosa. Photos by Renata Piwowarczyk.