Pycnonotidae Gray, 1840

Gustafsson, Daniel R., Najer, Tomas, Zou, Fasheng & Bush, Sarah E., 2022, The ischnoceran chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) of bulbuls (Aves: Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae), with descriptions of 18 new species, European Journal of Taxonomy 800, pp. 1-88 : 75-78

Key to the ischnoceran lice known from bulbuls ( Pycnonotidae Gray, 1840 )

The species listed as “Dubious records” above have not been included in this key. Brueelia schoddei ( Mey, 2017) , which belongs to the same species group as the Brueelia species listed here, is not described in sufficient detail to be placed in the key.

1. Trabecula present ( Fig. 108 ); dorsal anterior plate entirely surrounded by dorsal preantennal suture ( Fig. 108 ); male mesosome fused to basal apodeme ( Figs 109–110 ); female subvulval plates present ( Fig. 111 )............................................................................................................................................ 2

– Trabecula absent ( Figs 3 , 52 ); dorsal anterior plate absent ( Fig. 52 ) or, if present, not separated from roof of head posteriorly ( Fig. 3 ); male mesosome separate from basal apodeme ( Figs 4 , 53 ); female subvulval plates absent ( Figs 2 , 51 )................................................................................................. 12

2. Abdominal segment III with ps ....................................... Philopteroides kayanobori ( Uchida, 1948)

– Abdominal segment III without ps ( Figs 106–107 )........................................................................... 3

3. Male ................................................................................................................................................... 4

– Female................................................................................................................................................ 8

4. Sternite III complete, with no separate accessory lateral sternal plate ( Fig. 112 ) ............................... .................................................................................................... Philopteroides holosternus sp. nov.

– Sternite III with accessory lateral sternal plates either completely separate from central sternal plate ( Fig. 106 ), or if continuous with central plate then point of fusion is much constricted into an ‘isthmus’ ............................................................................................................................................ 5

5. Gonopore roughly circular, closed or nearly closed distally ............................................................... .............................................................. Philopteroides flavala Najer & Sychra in Najer et al., 2012

– Gonopore not closed or nearly closed distally ( Figs 122 , 128 ) ......................................................... 6

6. Dorsal sclerotization of mesosome narrow, tongue-like ( Fig. 109 )..................................................... ....................................................................................... Philopteroides cucphuongensi s Mey, 2004.

– Dorsal sclerotization of mesosome broad, roughly triangular ( Figs 121 , 127 ) ................................. 7

7. Sternal plate II absent ( Fig. 124 ), head coni broadly triangular ( Fig. 126 ) ......................................... ......................................................................................................... Philopteroides haerixos sp. nov.

– Sternal plate II present ( Fig. 118 ), head coni finger-like elongated ( Fig. 120 ).................................... ................................................................................................ Philopteroides longiclypeatus sp. nov.

8. Central sternal plate VI continuous with accessory lateral sternal plate ( Fig. 107 ) ............................ ........................................................................................ Philopteroides cucphoungensis Mey, 2004

– Central sternal plate VI separated from accessory lateral sternal plate ( Fig. 113 ) ............................ 9

9. Central sternal plate II absent ( Fig. 125 ) ......................................... Philopteroides haerixos sp. nov.

– Central sternal plate II present ( Fig. 113 ) [but may be separated medianly into two small plates ( Fig. 119 ), or significantly reduced] ................................................................................................ 10

10. Subgenital plate with long, slender postero-lateral extensions ( Fig. 123 )........................................... ................................................................................................ Philopteroides longiclypeatus sp. nov.

– Subgenital plate without such extensions ( Fig. 117 ) ........................................................................11

11. Sternal plates IV–VI wide, reaching laterally to at least site of thorn-like ss ( Fig. 113 ); tergopleurites V–VI with 7 setae on each side ( Fig. 113 ).................................. Philopteroides holosternus sp. nov.

– Sternal plates narrower, not reaching site of thorn-like ss; tergopleurites V–VI with 5–6 setae on each side................................................ Philopteroides flavala Najer & Sychra in Najer et al., 2012

12. Dorsal preantennal suture present ( Fig. 3 )....................................................................................... 13

– Dorsal preantennal suture absent ( Fig. 52 ) ...................................................................................... 29

13. Male ................................................................................................................................................. 14

– Female.............................................................................................................................................. 22

14. Tergopleurite IV with aps .................... Guimaraesiella flavala Najer & Sychra in Najer et al., 2012

– Tergopleurite IV without aps ( Fig. 1 ).............................................................................................. 15

15. Tergopleurite V with aps ( Fig. 8 ) .................................................................................................... 16

– Tergopleurite V without aps ( Fig. 1 ) ............................................................................................... 17

16. Tergopleurite VIII with 1 tps on each side; abdominal segment IV with 2 ps on each side................ ........................................... Guimaraesiella cucphuongensis (Najer & Sychra in Najer et al., 2012)

– Tergopleurite VIII with 2 tps on each side ( Fig. 8 ); abdominal segment IV with 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 8 ) ........................................................................... Guimaraesiella brunneomarginata sp. nov.

17. Tergopleurite VI without aps ( Fig. 29 ) ..................................................... Guimaraesiella ixi sp. nov.

– Tergopleurite VI with aps ( Fig. 1 ) ................................................................................................... 18

18. Dorsal preantennal suture not reaching ads ( Fig. 24 )......................... Guimaraesiella lorica sp. nov.

– Dorsal preantennal suture reaching ads ( Fig. 3 ).............................................................................. 19

19. Tergopleurite VIII with 1 tps on each side ( Fig. 1 ).......................................................................... 20

– Tergopleurite VIII with 2 tps on each side ( Fig. 15 )........................................................................ 21

20. Abdominal segment V with 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 36 ); anterior extension of ventral sclerite broad ( Fig. 41 ), basal apodeme narrowing anteriorly ( Fig. 39 )........ Guimaraesiella caligogularis sp. nov.

– A bdominal segment V with 2 ps on each side ( Fig. 1 ); anterior extension of ventral sclerite slender ( Fig. 6 ), basal apodeme widening anteriorly ( Fig. 4 ) ............. Guimaraesiella cinnamomea sp. nov.

21. Abdominal segment IV with 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 43 ); abdominal segments VI–VII each with 2 ps on each side ( Fig. 43 ), proximal mesosome outgoing into antero-lateral projections, ventral sclerite with anterior sclerotization ( Fig. 48 ) ....................................... Guimaraesiella phlaoalopha sp. nov.

– Abdominal segment IV with 2 ps on each side ( Fig. 15 ); abdominal segments VI–VII each with 3 ps on each side ( Fig. 22 ), proximal mesosome trapezoidal, with slightly convex anterior margin, ventral sclerite without anterior sclerotization ( Fig. 20 ).......................... Guimaraesiella mayoensis sp. nov.

22. Abdominal segment IV without ps ( Fig. 2 ) ............................ Guimaraesiella cinnamomea sp. nov.

– Abdominal segment IV with at least 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 9 ) ...................................................... 23

23. Abdominal segment IV with 2 ps on each side ( Fig. 16 ) ................................................................ 24

– Abdominal segment IV with 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 9 ) .................................................................. 25

24. Abdominal segment V with 2 ps on each side ( Fig. 30 )........................... Guimaraesiella ixi sp. nov.

– Abdominal segment V with 3 ps on each side ( Fig. 16 ).............. Guimaraesiella mayoensis sp. nov.

25. Abdominal segment V with 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 44 ).......... Guimaraesiella phlaoalopha sp. nov.

– Abdominal segment V with 2 ps one each side ( Fig. 9 ) .................................................................. 26

26. Vulval margin with at most 11 thorn-like vss in total ( Fig. 42 ).................................. Guimaraesiella cucphuongensis (Najer & Sychra in Najer et al., 2012) and Guimaraesiella caligogularis sp. nov. 1

– Vulval margin with at least 12 thorn-like vss in total ( Fig. 14 ) ....................................................... 27

27. Dorsal preantennal suture does not reach ads ( Fig. 24 )...................... Guimaraesiella lorica sp. nov.

– Dorsal preantennal suture reaches ads ( Fig. 10 ).............................................................................. 28

28. Dorsal preantennal suture extends median to ads ................................................................................ ......................................................... Guimaraesiella flavala (Najer & Sychra in Najer et al., 2012).

– Dorsal preantennal suture does not extend median to ads .................................................................. ....................................................................................... Guimaraesiella brunneomarginata sp. nov.

29. Male ................................................................................................................................................. 30

– Female............................................................................................................................................. 402

30. Abdominal segment IV without ps ( Fig. 64 ) ................................................................................... 31

– Abdominal segment IV with ps ( Fig. 50 ) ........................................................................................ 32

31. Tergopleurite V with ss and aps ( Fig. 64 ).......................................... Brueelia robertrankini sp. nov.

– Tergopleurite V without ss and aps ( Fig. 57 )........................................... Brueelia hermetica sp. nov.

32. Tergopleurite IV with aps ................................................................... Brueelia guldum Ansari, 1955

– Tergopleurite IV without aps ( Fig. 50 ) ............................................................................................ 33

33. Abdominal segment VII with 2 ps on each side ( Fig. 50 ) ............................................................... 34

– Abdominal segment VII with 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 71 ) ............................................................... 38

34. Tergopleurite VIII with only 1 tps on each side ( Fig. 50 ) ............................................................... 35

– Tergopleurite VIII with at least 2 tps on each side ( Fig. 85 ) ........................................................... 37

35. Proximal mesosome rounded ( Fig. 97 ); tps present on tergopleurite VII ( Fig. 92 )............................. ........................................................................................................................ Brueelia leiae sp. nov.

– Proximal mesosome rectangular ( Fig. 55 ); tps absent on tergopleurite VII ( Fig. 50 )..................... 36

36. Head shape as in Fig. 52 ; rugose section of mesosome extensive ( Fig. 55 ); gonopore narrowly crescent shaped ( Fig. 55 ) ................................................................. Brueelia doisuthepensis sp. nov.

– Head shape as in Fig. 101 ; rugose area of mesosome limited to near distal margin ( Fig. 104 ); gonopore shaped as in Fig. 104 .......................................................... Brueelia yunnanensis sp. nov.

37. Lateral margins of preantennal head convex ( Fig. 87 ); proximal mesosome convergent to median point ( Fig. 90 ).......................................................................................... Brueelia colindalei sp. nov.

– Lateral margins of preantennal head more or less straight; proximal mesosome rounded.................. ............................................................................... Brueelia alophoixi Sychra in Sychra et al., 2009

38. Tergopleurite VIII without tps ( Fig. 78 ) ...................................................... Brueelia galeata sp. nov.

– Tergopleurite VIII with tps ( Fig. 71 ) ............................................................................................... 39

39. Proximal mesosome gently rounded.................... Brueelia pseudognatha Gustafsson & Bush, 2017

– Proximal mesosome with broad median extension ( Fig. 76 ) .......................... Brueelia celer sp. nov.

40. Abdominal segment IV without ps ( Fig. 86 ) ........................................... Brueelia colindalei sp. nov.

– Abdominal segment IV with ps ( Fig. 72 ) ........................................................................................ 41

41. Abdominal segment VI with 2 ps on each side ..... Brueelia alophoixi Sychra in Sychra et al., 2012

– Abdominal segment VI with only 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 65 ) ........................................................ 42

42. Abdominal segment VII with 2 ps on each side ( Fig. 51 ) ............................ Brueelia doisuthepensis sp. nov., Brueelia leiae sp. nov., Brueelia robertrankini sp. nov., Brueelia yunnanensis sp. nov. 3

– Abdominal segment VII with only 1 ps on each side ( Fig. 58 ) .......................................................... ................................................................................................ Brueelia pseudognatha Gustafsson & Bush, 2017 , Brueelia celer sp. nov., Brueelia galeata sp. nov., and Brueelia hermetica sp. nov. 4

Figures

Figs 108–111. Philopteroides cucphuongensis Mey, 2004. 108. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 109. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 110. Male genitalia, ventral view. 111. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view. Abbreviations: ads = anterior dorsal seta; dsms = dorsal submarginal seta; mts1–3 = marginal temporal seta 1–3; pos = preocular seta; pst1–2 = parameral setae 1–2; s4 = postantennal head sensillum 4.

Figs 3–7. Guimaraesiella cinnamomea sp. nov. 3. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 4. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 5. Male paramere, dorsal view. 6. Male mesosome, ventral view. 7. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view. Abbreviations: ads = anterior dorsal seta; ames = anterior mesosomal seta; dsms = dorsal submarginal seta; mts1–3 = marginal temporal seta 1–3; pmes = posterior mesosomal seta; pos = preocular seta; pst1–2 = parameral setae 1–2; s4 = postantennal head sensillum 4; vms = vulval marginal setae; vos = vulval oblique setae; vss = vulval submarginal setae.

Figs 52–56. Brueelia doisuthepensis sp. nov. 52. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 53. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 54. Male paramere, dorsal view. 55. Male mesosome, ventral view. 56. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view. Abbreviations: ads = anterior dorsal seta; dsms = dorsal submarginal seta; mts1–3 = marginal temporal seta 1–3; pmes = posterior mesosomal seta; pos = preocular seta; pst1–2 = parameral setae 1–2; s4 = postantennal head sensillum 4; vms = vulval marginal setae; vos = vulval oblique setae; vss = vulval submarginal setae.

Figs 1–2. Guimaraesiella cinnamomea sp. nov. 1. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 2. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. Abbreviations: aps = accessory post-spiracular seta; ps = paratergal seta; ss = sutural seta; sts = sternal seta.

Figs 50–51. Brueelia doisuthepensis sp. nov. 50. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 51. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. Abbreviations: aps = accessory post-spiracular seta; ps = paratergal seta; ss = sutural seta; sts = sternal seta; tps = tergal posterior seta.

Figs 106–107. Philopteroides cucphuongensis Mey, 2004. 106. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 107. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. Abbreviations: ps = paratergal seta; ss = sutural seta; sts = sternal seta; tps = tergal posterior seta.

Figs 112–113. Philopteroides holosternus sp. nov. 112. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 113. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 120–123. Philopteroides longiclypeatus sp. nov. 120. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 121. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 122. Male genitalia, ventral view. 123. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 126–129. Philopteroides haerixos sp. nov. 126. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 127. Male genitalia, dorsal view.128. Male genitalia, ventral view. 129. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 124–125. Philopteroides haerixos sp. nov. 124. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views.125. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 118–119. Philopteroides longiclypeatus sp. nov. 118. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 119. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 114–117. Philopteroides holosternus sp. nov. 114. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 115. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 116. Male genitalia, ventral view. 117. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 8–9. Guimaraesiella brunneomarginata sp. nov. 8. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 9. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 29–30. Guimaraesiella ixi sp. nov. 29. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 30. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 24–28. Guimaraesiella lorica sp. nov. 24. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 25. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 26. Male paramere, dorsal view. 27. Male mesosome, ventral view. 28. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 15–16. Guimaraesiella mayoensis sp. nov. 15. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 16. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 36–37. Guimaraesiella caligogularis sp. nov.36. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views.37. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 38–42. Guimaraesiella caligogularis sp. nov. 38. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 39. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 40. Male paramere, dorsal view. 41. Male mesosome, ventral view. 42. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 43–44. Guimaraesiella phlaoalopha sp. nov. 43. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 44. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 45–49. Guimaraesiella phlaoalopha sp. nov. 45. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 46. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 47. Male paramere, dorsal view. 48. Male mesosome, ventral view. 49. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 22–23. Guimaraesiella lorica sp. nov. 22. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 23. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 17–21. Guimaraesiella mayoensis sp. nov. 17. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 18. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 19. Male paramere, dorsal view. 20. Male mesosome, ventral view. 21. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 10–14. Guimaraesiella brunneomarginata sp. nov. 10. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 11. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 12. Male paramere, dorsal view. 13. Male mesosome, ventral view. 14. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 64–65. Brueelia robertrankini sp. nov. 64. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 65. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 57–58. Brueelia hermetica sp. nov. 57. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 58. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 71–72. Brueelia celer sp. nov. 71. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 72. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 85–86. Brueelia colindalei sp. nov. 85. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 86. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 94–98. Brueelia leiae sp. nov. (94–97: GD-PHTH-00276 (GIABR); 98: (GD-PHTH-00278) (GIABR)). 94. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 95. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 96. Male paramere, dorsal view. 97. Male mesosome, ventral view. 98. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 92–93. Brueelia leiae sp. nov. 92. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views (GD-PHTH-00276) (GIABR). 93. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views (GD-PHTH-00278) (GIABR).

Figs 101–105. Brueelia yunnanensis sp. nov. (101–104: GD-PHTH-00284 (GIABR); 105: (GD- PHTH-00286) (GIABR)). 101. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 102. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 103. Male paramere, dorsal view. 104. Male mesosome, ventral view. 105. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

Figs 87–91. Brueelia colindalei sp. nov. 87. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 88. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 89. Male paramere, dorsal view. 90. Male mesosome, ventral view. 91. Female subgenital plate and vulvalmargin, ventral view.

Figs 78–79. Brueelia galeata sp. nov. 78. Male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 79. Female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figs 73–77. Brueelia celer sp. nov. 73. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 74. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 75. Male paramere, dorsal view. 76. Male mesosome, ventral view. 77. Female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.